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Biology > Biology Semester 1 Exam > Flashcards

Biology Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic unit of structure and function for living things?

A

cell

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2
Q

Enzymes are essential molecules found in every living thing. Why are they so crucial?

A

enzymes occur what reactions occur or do not occur inside our bodies (regulate our bodies)

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3
Q

Are people open systems or closed systems? What does it mean to be “open” or “closed”?

A

open systems; b/c they interact with their environment

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4
Q

How can living things have both unity and diversity?-

A

….

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5
Q

What type of intermolecular force is found between two water molecules? Why is this type present in water?-

A

……

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6
Q

What is true of the surface tension of water? Why Other than insects walking on water, why is water’s surface tension important for life?

A

b/c of the strong Hydrogen bonds; it keeps pollen and other pollutants from mixing into the water and killing the marine life

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7
Q

What is capillary action? Why is it important for life?

A

the natural rise of a liquid in a small tube; trees use capillary action to move water from the roots to the leaves which gives trees the ability to make oxygen that humans breathe

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8
Q

Water has a very large specific heat. What important role do the oceans fulfill due to this large specific heat?

A

they moderate the earth’s temperature by absorbing some of the heat

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9
Q

Why is sweating less effective on humid days?

A

the air has as much water as it needs therefore the evaporation that cools us down is less effective because the air doesn’t need extra water

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10
Q

Why is water so important for living things to have within them?

A

everything that travels through the body is dissolved in water

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11
Q

What is special about carbon that allows it to produce many different compounds?

A

has many isomers; can formed long chains, branched chains, and rings; 4 covalent bonds

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12
Q

What are hydrocarbons used for?

A

fuel and food

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13
Q

For each of the four groups of macromolecules, list the functions and monomers:

A

Carbohydrates- (functions) provide structure and act as an energy source; (monomers) monosaccrides
Lipids- (functions) energy source and main components of cell membranes; (monomers) fatty acids
Proteins- (functions) enzymes; (monomers) amino acids
Nucleic Acids- (functions) transmit genetic material and assemble enzymes; (monomers) nucleotides

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14
Q

Why are humans unable to digest cellulose, but we are able to digest starch?

A

we lack the necessary enzymes

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15
Q

How are monomers linked together to form polymers? How are polymers spilt apart?

A

dehydration reaction; hydrosis reaction

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16
Q

What does it mean to say a fatty acid is saturated?

A

it has the maximum number of H+

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17
Q

How are two strands of a nucleic acid held together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes? How do they accomplish this purpose?

A

to speed up the reaction; they lower the activation energy level

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19
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex? What is its significance?

A

when a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site, a subtle change occurs; when this happens the bonds of are stretched and weakened

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20
Q

As the product, glucose-6-phosphate, accumulates in the cell, the rate of glycolysis slows dramatically. What is this an example of?

A

feedback inhibition

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21
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? How does it do this? How does a noncompetitive inhibitor differ?

A

…..

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22
Q

How can the effect of a competitive inhibitor be overcome? A noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

the addition of more substrate; the addition of more enzyme

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23
Q

Some inhibitors are reversible while others are irreversible. What distinguishes the two types?

A

reversible inhibitors have weak H bonds; irreversible have strong covalent bonds

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24
Q

Why is it necessary for living things to regulate the reactions that occur within them?

A

they do not want to waste resources and to turn a specific reaction on or off when needed or not needed

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25
What possible uses does ATP have in cells?
(transport) substance pumped across a membrane; (mechanical) contraction of cells; (chemical) needed for a reaction to take place
26
What is a nucleus? What type of cells have one? What type does not?
a membrane enclosed area of the cell that contains genetic material; eukaryotic cells; prokaryotic
27
What are organelles? Give three organelles that are found in both plant and animal cells.
a section of a cell that has a specific function; mitochondria, ribosomes, and vesicles
28
What are significant about mitochondria and chloroplasts?
both produce energy (ATP)
29
What are the three types of protein molecules that make up the cytoskeleton?
intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments
30
Why are chloroplasts only found in plant cells? In what types of cells are mitochondria found?
animals do not go through photosynthesis and receive the substances needed to produce ATP in the food we eat; animal and plant cells
31
One organelle is founding in both plant and animal cells but it varies in size depending on the type of cell. What is this organelle? In which type of cell is it larger? Give an explanation for the size difference.
vacuole; plant vacuoles are used to store water
32
Briefly describe the structure of a phospholipid. Discuss the polarity of the phospholipid in your description.
A phosopholipid is made up of a phosphate attached to a glycerol attached to a fatty acid chain; the phosophate and glycerol make up the polar hydrophilic “heads”, and the fatty acid chains make up the nonpolar hydrophobic “tails”
33
What is the purpose of a cell membrane? What are a membrane’s main components?
to regulate what enters and leaves the cell; proteins, hydrophilic heads, and hydrophobic tails
34
Singer and Nicoloson proposed the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes in 1972. What part of the membrane is considered “fluid”? Why specifically is the membrane considered a “mosaic”?
phospholipid bilayer; b/c proteins are scattered in the membrane in no specific arrangement
35
Two solutions separated by a membrane permeable only to water are isotonic. A) What is meant by “isotonic”? B) Is there any movement across the membrane?
the concentration of solute and solvent is the same in both regions separated by the membrane; yes but there is no net movement
36
What is a concentration gradient? How does a substance flow relative to its concentration gradient?
the difference of the concentration of a solute in one region compared to another; substances flow down their concentration gradient
37
How does the fact that a cell can be hypertonic to its environment justify the conclusion that the cell membrane regulates what passes through it?
hypotonic – lower concentration; water enters the cell causing the cell to swell without bursting b/c it is a plants favorite state
38
A plant cell is placed in a hypotonic environment. What happens to it?
the cell fills with water and exerts pressure on the cell wall but if there is too much water that enters the cell there is a chance (possible but not likely) that the cell wall breaks and the cell dies.
39
An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic environment. What happens to it?
it shrivels b/c the water leaves the cell and enters the environment
40
A sodium potassium pump is an example of active transport. What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?
energy is needed for active transport (b/c energy is needed to move up the concentration gradient) and energy is not needed for passive transport
41
Inside one osmosis bag (permeable only to water) is a 50% glucose solution and inside a second bag is a 20% glucose solution. Both bags are put into beakers containing 100% water. If both bags are weighed before and after they are put into the beakers, predict what will happen to their weights.-
.....
42
Wallway is a new general herbicide for aquatic plants. Its main ingredient is a marine salt solution. It is effective against freshwater but not saltwater plants. Predict why the freshwater plants die but the saltwater plants are unaffected by the herbicide. Also predict what specifically happens to the freshwater plant cells.-
......
43
One bean plant is illuminated with green light and another bean plant of similar size and leaf area is illuminated with blue light. If all other conditions are identical, how will the photosynthetic rates of the plants compare?
The plant under the blue light will have a faster rate of photosynthesis b/c plants reflect green, but absorb other colored light like blue. The plant under the green light will have a very slow rate of photosynthesis b/c plants only reflect green and do not absorb it.
44
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions and why have these products been made?
ATP and NADPH; these products were made to complete the Calvin Cycle (which produces G3P and sugar)
45
Describe the structure of the chloroplast. Where do the light reactions occur? The Calvin Cycle? The production of ATP?
A chloroplast is composed of thylakoids stacked on top of each other and bundled together. The stoma is a dense liquid that fills the chloroplasts, and the thylakoid space is located in between each of the thylakoids; thylakoid space; stoma; across the thylakoid membrane
46
What would happen if the excited electrons of the reaction-center chlorophyll molecules dropped immediately to the ground state instead of passing through the electron transport chain?
The electrons would not release energy so a proton gradient would not build up and photosynthesis would not occur
47
What does it mean to say that photosynthesis fixes carbon? Where does this carbon come from? How does it enter the plant?
the carbon changes from its inorganic state to its organic state; carbon dioxide; it enters the plant through the stomata
48
What is the significane of each of the following in the process of photosynthesis? A) thylakoid membrane B) chloroplast C) stomata D) ATP Synthase E) Rubisco
a) location of the production of ATP B) location where photosynthesis takes place C) absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen during photosynthesis D) produces ATP to be used in the Calvin Cycle E) enzyme responsible for carbon fixation
49
How is ATP synthesis in chloroplasts related to active transport? To passive transport?
Active transport is needed to pump the protons needed for ATP synthesis through the membrane. Passive transport is related b/c when H+ ions move down their concentration gradient energy is released. That energy is used to produce ATP.
50
If electrons were not regenerated during photosynthesis, the production of sugar would quickly stop. What is the electron regenerator of photosystem 1? Photosystem II? What is the terminal electron acceptor for the entire process of photosynthesis?
electrons of P680; water; G3P
51
What is transpiration? Are CAM plants affected as much by transpiration as C3 plants?
Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant to the environment; No, b/c CAM plants close their stomata during the day and close them at night, but C3 plants keep their stomata open during the day so they are more affected.
52
Why are pigment molecules so critical to photosynthesis? What would it mean if these molecules appeared orange instead of green to the human eye?
Pigment molecules are so critical b/c they control what light energy the plant absorbs or reflects; it means the pigments would reflect orange light, but absorb other colors like green.
53
Photosynthesis consists of two sets of reactions: light reactions and dark reactions. What is accomplished by the light reactions? By the dark reactions?
...
54
What is the carbon source for most platns? The energy source? What do most animals use as a carbon source? An energy source?
carbon dioxide; light; plants; food
55
Why is it plausible to argue, as the Nobel Laureate George Wald does, that wherever in the universe we find living orgainsms, we will find them (or at least some of them) to be colored?
....
56
The first step in the Calvin Cycle is the reaction of carbon dioxide with ribulose bishosphate. Which abundant enzyme (possibly the most abundant protein on Earth) catalyzes this reaction in C3 plants? In C4 plants?
rubisco; PEPcarboxylase
57
What are carotenoids? Why does a plant cell have them?
accessory pigments located in the mesophyll; to absorb more light and for photoprotection.
58
What does the presence of cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast imply about the Calvin Cycle?
it implies that the Calvin Cycle needs more ATP than NADPH b/c the cyclic electron flow only produces ATP and not NADPH so we can conclude that the noncyclic cycle produces all the NADPH the Calvin Cycle needs.
59
How many molecules of each of the following are needed to make one molecule of G3P: carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH? – 9 ATP, 6 NADPH, 3 carbon dioxide
9 ATP, 6 NADPH, 3 carbon dioxide
60
What is cellular respiration? Why must it occur in a series of steps instead of all at once?
the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP; to prevent too much energy from being released at one time
61
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that is generally separated into two different phases. What are theses phases? Why are they so named?
phase 1- energy investment (energy is required); phase 2- energy payoff (energy is released)
62
At the end of glycolysis, where is most of the energy that was originally in the bonds of the glucose? At the end of the citric acid cycle? At the end of the electron transport chain?
pyruvate; NADH and FADH2; ATP
63
What determines whether respiration or fermentation will occur after glycolysis?
What determines whether respiration or fermentation will occur after glycolysis?- if oxygen is present then respiration will occur, but if oxygen is not present then fermentation will occur
64
How does the overall reaction of respiration compare to the overall reaction of photosynthesis?
respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis
65
What are NADH and FADH2?
molecules that transport electrons
66
Why is the citric acid cycle a cycle? Where does it occur?
,,,,,
67
How many ATP is each NADH responsible for producing? FADH2? Explain why these numbers are different.
3 ATP per NADH; 2 ATP per FADH2; theses numbers are different b/c unlike NADH, which moves through all 3 steps of the electron transport chain FADH2 skips the 1st step and only produced through the second and third step. Since only 2 H+ ions are pumped, only 2 H+ ions move through ATP synthase and therefore only produce 2 ATP per FADH2. NADH moves through all three steps so 3 ATP are produced.
68
Two things are required to make ATP: energy and an enzyme. Why is energy required? What enzyme is needed?
to force 3 negatively charged phosphates together ; ATP synthase
69
What are the subphases of interphase? What occurs in each one? How long is interphase compared to the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?
interphase – 90% (G1- growth, S- DNA is copied, G2- growth); mitotic phase- 10%
70
Name the phases and subphases of the cell cycle in order from when a cell is first produced.
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
71
What is density dependent inhibition? How does it differ from anchorage dependence?
density dependent inhibition occurs when the growth factor is saturated and the cell cycle stops; anchorage dependence is when there is no area for the cell to “anchor” and the cell cycle stops
72
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell division would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
32
73
What happens during the G1 checkpoint?
the cell is checked for proper growth size. Then the cell either receives or does not receive a “go” signal allowing it to continue or not continue down the cycle.
74
What happens to the microtubules of the spindle during telophase?
The microtubules begin to form the nuclear envelops of the two new cells.
75
What occurs during anaphase?
copied chromosomes split apart; the kinetochore microtubules shorten; the nonkinetochores lengthen ; cell shape changes
76
What is the function of cell division in the life of a human?
(early life) growth and development, (adulthood) repair and replace cells
77
Why are chromatids referred to as sister chromatids? When are they replicated? When are they split apart?
b/c they are exact replicas of each other and are produced by the same “parent”; during the S phase; during anaphase
78
A cell is treated with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis from starting. In what part of the cell cycle is the cell trapped?
the G1 phase b/c it has the ability to grow, but does not have the ability to copy its DNA
79
What happens at the G2 checkpoint? How does this checkpoint help an organism prevent the development of cancer?
checks the development of the DNA; b/c if incorrect DNA is detected in the cell the cycle stops and no more cells are produced
80
What is a tumor? What are the two types of tumors? What is the difference between them?
a mass of cells suffering from either improper DNA or a mutagen; benign- does not have the ability to spread, malignant- have/had the ability to spread
81
What is the G0 phase?
when a cell becomes non-dividing b/c it does not receive a “go” signal from the G1 checkpoint
82
How does the M checkpoint work?
the kinetochores release a “wait” signal, once the chromosomes attach to the spindle, the “wait” signal goes away. The M checkpoint makes sure the chromosomes attach to the spindle before anaphase begins.
83
What is meiosis?
the division of cells in order to form haploid cells.
84
What are homologous chromosomes?
a pair of chromosomes that come from parents that have the same length, staining pattern, and centromere location
85
Is sexual reproduction possible with only one parent?
No b/c if only one parent reproduced it would create an exact copy of itself whereas if two parents were present their DNA would be mixed and they would produce a diverse offspring
86
chromosomes that contain a mixture of maternal and paternal genes/DNA
chromosomes that contain a mixture of maternal and paternal genes/DNA
87
Did you inherit equal numbers of chromosomes from your two parents? From your grandparents?
yes; no b/c of independent assortment

Biology (1 decks)

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