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biology semester one exam Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

xylem

A

cells in a plant that transport water and minerals, and also provides support

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2
Q

springwood

A

xylem cells that are large and are a little bit better at transporting water and minerals

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3
Q

summerwood

A

xylem cells that are smaller and are a little bit better at providing support

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4
Q

heartwood

A

xylem cells that are clogged and are no longer able to carry water and minerals

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5
Q

sapwood

A

xylem cells that are open and are still able to carry water and minerals

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6
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions that living organisms have with other living organisms and with the non-living parts of the environment

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7
Q

organism

A

a living individual

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8
Q

species

A

all members of one specific organism

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9
Q

population

A

all members of a single species that are living together in a specific area

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10
Q

community

A

all the populations of an area interacting with each other

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

total community plus the nonliving parts of the environment that are interacting with each other

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12
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

stoma

A

a hole in a leaf that allows for gas exchange and transpiration

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14
Q

transpiration

A

a process in which plants lose water through the stoma

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15
Q

succession

A

the sequential changes that occur in a community in an area over relatively long periods of time

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16
Q

primary succession

A

no soil was present at the start of the process

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17
Q

secondary succession

A

there was soil present at the start of the process but there was a type of disturbance that removed the vegetation

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18
Q

pioneer species

A

a specific type of organism that is the first to colonize in an area during the process of succession

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19
Q

organic compounds

A

molecules that have carbon atoms and are derived from living things

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20
Q

producer

A

an organism that uses solar or chemical energy to make organic compounds from inorganic parts of the environment

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21
Q

consumer

A

a living organism that gets its organic compounds by eating the tissue of other organisms

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22
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that feeds on detritus

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23
Q

detritus

A

dead organisms shed parts of living organisms, waste of living organisms

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24
Q

energy

A

energy can never be created or destroyed. however, it can be transferred. types include kinetic or potential

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25
photosynthesis
in living systems, a lot of energy is stored during photosynthesis
26
cellular respiration
in living systems, a lot of energy is released during cellular respiration. cellular respiration is a chemical process that releases energy in living things
27
cellular respiration equation
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + sunlight
28
matter
can never be created or destroyed. however, it can change from one form to another
29
biogeochemical cycle
the movement of atoms into living organisms and then released into the environment
30
in the food chain, arrows represent...
the transfer of energy
31
fungi
feed on living or dead, consist of mold, mildews, and yeast, cannot do photosynthesis
32
Animalia
wall-less cells, consisting of sponges, earthworms, mollusks, insects, fish, reptiles, and mammals, some are decomposers and are consumers
33
monera
bacteria, prokaryotic cells, have cell walls, some can do photosynthesis and single-celled organisms
34
Protista
the "left-overs", consist of water molds, slime molds, diatoms, algae, heterotrophic
35
plante
all can do photosynthesis, aquatic green algae, and moss, and are multicellular
36
biodiversity
all of the variations found among different species, and among individuals/members of the same species
37
adaptation
genetic trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce
38
mutations
errors or mistakes that occur while the DNA is replicated
39
habitat
the place in an ecosystem, in which an organism lives
40
niche
the functional role that an organism plays in its ecosystem
41
resources
all the items gathered from living organisms and from nonliving parts of the environment to fulfill an organism's wants or needs
42
competition
the struggle between organisms for a resource in limited supply
43
tolerance
an organism's ability to withstand a range of values for a chemical or physical factor in the environment
44
DNA
an organic compound made of subunits called nucleotides that store the genetic information needed to make proteins
45
RNA
an organic compound made of subunits called nucleotides that stores and transfers the genetic information needed to make proteins
46
protein
an organic compound made of subunits called amino acids that...
47
enzyme
a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
48
hormone
an organic compound made by one part of the body that sends a chemical signal to another part of the same body
49
pheromone
an organic compound made by an organism to send a chemical signal to another organism of the same species
50
allelochemical
an organic compound made by one organism to send a chemical signal to another organism of a different species
51
receptors
proteins in the cell membrane that accept a hormone/pheromone/allelochemical
52
ribosomes
small bodies in the cell that read the RNA and links the amino acids
53
gene
a segment of DNA that provides the genetic information for a single protein or occasionally a specific trait
54
allele
one of the varying forms of a gene
55
chromosome
a complex of proteins and DNA - coiled and rod-shaped - found in dividing cells - defined by a centromere
56
centromere
the constricted portion of a chromosome
57
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome
58
chromatin
a complex of proteins and DNA - not coiled - found in non-dividing cells
59
carrying capacity
the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can withstand for an extended period of time
60
upper limit
birth rates drop and death rates increase
61
lower limit
birth rates increase and death rates decrease
62
stability
the ability of a living system to withstand or recover from externally imposed changes or stresses provided that the stresses aren't too severe
63
inertia
the ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered
64
constancy
the ability of a living system to maintain a certain size or keep its numbers within a certain limit
65
resilience
the ability of a living system to restore itself close to its original condition after being exposed to an outside disturbance that is not too drastic
66
symbiosis
a biological relationship in which two dissimilar organisms live together in close association
67
parasitism
a type of symbiosis relationship in which one organism gets its nutrients by feeding on another organism over long periods of time
68
commensalism
type of symbiosis relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed
69
mutualism
type of symbiosis relationship in which both organisms benefit from the association
70
predation
a biological relationship in which one organism called a predator kills and eats another organism called prey
71
parasitoid
an insect that feeds on a host during its larval stages and is free living as an adult
72
scavenger
an organism that feeds on a dead organism that was either killed by another organism or died from a natural cause
73
economic injury level
the number of organisms that would cause so much damage that the farmer would not make a profit
74
economic threshold
the insect's population level or extent of crop damage at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest.

Biology (6 decks)

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