Biology study Flashcards
(22 cards)
Role of the nucleus
Contains DNA, controls the cell and produces ribosomes
Role of the ribosome
Makes proteins using amino acids, knows what proteins to make by reading the DNA strand brought to them by the mRNA. Can be found in cytoplasm and on the RER
Role of the mitochondria
The mitochondria makes ATP during cellular respiration. It uses glucose and oxygen, and the resulting process makes the ATP, water and carbon dioxide. Have a double membrane
Role of the chloroplast
Place where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells
Role of the vacuole
Contains water and other nutrients important to plant cells. It also provides the cell with structure. Takes up 80-90% of the cell.
Role of the Golgi body/apparatus
modifies and sorts proteins to be ready for secretion.
Role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Contains ribosomes, assists in the creation and movement of proteins and other substances.
Role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Makes lipids, detoxifies substances and involved in substance movement.
Role of the lysosome
Breaks down waste using digestive enzymes
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells are much larger, and contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles which are not found in prokaryotic cells.
Which cells have cell walls
Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, and plant and fungi cells also have cell walls.
Describe cellular respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria. Uses glucose and sugar to produce ATP (energy), water and carbon dioxide. It occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
Describe photosynthesis
It occurs in the chloroplast. Uses carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It only occurs in plant cells.
Why do plant cells use photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis produces the chemical energy (sugar) used by the mitochondria to produce ATP
What suggests mitochondria where once bacteria?
Both have circular DNA, a double membrane and mitochondria can replicate independently.
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
The moving of the cytoplasm within a cell that allows for the movement of organelles and nutrients.
What are specialized cells?
Specialised cells have slight changes to optimise their functions. An example is the lack of a nucleus in red blood cells so they can transport more oxygen.
Explain how the structure of the cell membrane allows it to be selectively permeable.
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Small or non-polar molecules (like oxygen) can pass through the bilayer easily. Larger or charged molecules (like glucose or ions) require transport proteins, making the membrane selectively permeable.
What are thylakoids?
Inside the chloroplast, there are flat, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids. These discs are often stacked in piles called grana. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs sunlight. They are made of the third membrane layer.
What are centrioles?
Centrioles help animal cells divide by pulling the chromosomes into the right places. They exist in pairs. They replicate and migrate to the poles of the cell before division.
What do cilia and flagella do?
Cilia move substances along the surface of a cell, while flagella help cells move themselves.
