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Biology Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the levels of biological organization?

A

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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2
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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3
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or body - metabolism has the ability to breakdown and build up

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4
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

A constant internal environment and balance of internal environment - helps keep everything within their parameters

Example: Blood sugars, pH levels, blood levels

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5
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Making energy using light

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6
Q

What are genes?

A

A portion or subset/fraction of the DNA that carries a specific protein

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7
Q

What are mutations?

A

Minor variations in the gene that can cause an organism to be better suited for an environment; these are permanent changes in the DNA.

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8
Q

What are the three Domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Two of these domains are prokaryotic.

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9
Q

What are the four kingdoms under the domain Eukarya?

A

Animals, plants, Fungi, and Protista.

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10
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

A

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, reject/fail to reject.

Abbreviated as O/H/P/E/R.

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11
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance used as a medication that doesn’t contain any active ingredients.

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12
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

This is when neither the technician nor the participant knows who’s taking placebo or real medication.

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13
Q

Who are Marshall & Warren?

A

These two willingly conducted an experiment with bacterium and discovered that it causes gastrointestinal (stomach & intestinal) ulcers.

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14
Q

What does biodiversity represent?

A

It represents the total number and relevant abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the different ecosystems in which they live; it’s generally better for the environment.

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15
Q

What is an emerging disease?

A

A disease that is relatively new to humans.

Example: Covid

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16
Q

What does remerging mean in the context of diseases?

A

Remerging refers to a disease that has not been seen in 20 years.

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17
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

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18
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.

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19
Q

Atoms

A

Basic building block of matter (smallest unit) that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element.

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20
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged found in the middle of the nucleus

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21
Q

What are neutrons?

A

No charge found in the middle of the nucleus

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22
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charge found outside of the nucleus

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23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Tells us the identity of an element and equals the number of protons

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24
Q

What is mass number?

A

The number of protons and the number of neutrons (some can have the same numbers and some cannot)

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25
What is an Isotope?
- All isotopes are not radioactive. - Atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons - Atoms of an element with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers
26
What is radioactivity?
Are found in radioactive isotopes, and the nucleus of an atom is unstable
27
What is radioisotope?
This is found when radioactivity tries to become more stable. The atom breaks down (decays) into lighter elements (elements with the lower atomic numbers). When this occurs and or energy is released is when we see radioisotopes.
28
What is the only isotope of carbon that is a radioisotope?
C 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon
29
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms, bonded together example 02
30
What is a compound?
A molecule containing two or more different elements example C6H12O16,H20, CO2
31
What is ionic bonding?
The force that holds two oppositely charged ions together (the opposite charges hold the bond together)
32
What is a Cation?
An ion that is positively charged
33
What is an Anion?
ion they is negatively charged
34
What is covalent bonding?
CO equals together/with Covalent bonds are held together by sharing valence
35
What is single covalent bonding?
Shares one pair of valances
36
What is double covalent bonding
Shares two pairs of valances
37
What is triple covalent bonding
Shares three pairs of valances
38
What is hydrogen bonding?
- A partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a partially negative, usually oxygen or nitrogen. – you’ll also see periods or dashes – water, DNA, and proteins are three molecules that have hydrogen bonds
39
What is polar molecule?
A molecule as a partial positive portion and a partial negative portion
40
What is a solvent?
+ Salute = solution Solvent = something that dissolves something, example water
41
What is solute?
– That which is dissolved by something – salt water, salt would be the solute in water would be the solvent.
42
What is hydrophilic?
Water, loving, water, or hydrogen, (Phil = love)
43
What is hydrophobic?
- Water fearing, not attracted to water. – nonpolar is attracted to water; example sand and oil
44
What is cohesion?
Two molecules of the same substance attracted to each other
45
What is Adhesion?
Two molecules of different substances attracted to each other
46
What are acids?
– When you put acid in water, the H+ ions are released – to find acids on the pH scale you find them below pH 7
47
What are bases?
- When you put a base in water, OH- ions are released (hydroxide) - to find bases on a pH scale (alkaline) it’s above pH 7 **When the pH value decreases the H+ concentration increases. When the pH value increases, the H+ concentration decreases.
48
What are buffers?
– Prevent pH changes, keep the pH level within a certain range. – blood buffers normal range is 7.35 to 7.45 –3 blood buffers – carbonates, phosphates and proteins. – kidneys and lungs can help push out things you don’t need
49
Organic
– Molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen. – four organic molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
50
Carbohydrates 1:2:1 ratio C:H:O
– Cabo (carbon) – Hydro (hydrogen) – Ates (oxygen)
51
Five monosaccharides
– Glucose. – GALACTOSE (in fruits) – fructose (sweetest tasting sugar) - Deoxyribose - Ribose
52
What are three disaccharides
– Sucrose (table sugar) – Maltose – lactose (milk, sugar)
53
What are polysaccharides?
– Complex carbohydrates, they have hundreds of thousands of saccharide units. – made in plants (starch, cellulose - fiber) - Made in humans/animals (glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscle) – the main function for a carb is energy
54
What are lipids and what do they have in common?
- They have fatty acids and four fused carbon rings - steroids - cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone **one characteristic they have in common is they are insoluble in water/hydrphobic
55
What are triglycerides?
– Structure, three fatty acid chains, and the head is made of glycerol
56
What is saturated “to soak it”
– Molecules has all the hydrogen atoms it can hold. - Solid at room temperature. – comes from animals most of the time
57
What is unsaturated fats?
- The molecule does not have all of the hydrogen atom that can hold – liquid at room temperature. – most of the time it’s from plants
58
What is trans fat
– Technically, they are unsaturated fats, but act saturated. – Cardiovascular disease
59
What is Phospholipids?
– All living things are made of cells – All cell have a cell membrane – Most of the cell membranes are made up of phospholipid molecules – Tail = two fatty acid chains (hydrophobic) – Head = phosphate group (hydrophilic)
60
What do steroids contain?
Cholesterol Estrogen Testosterone
61
Proteins – amino acids joined by peptide bonds
– Proteins, monomer/building block = amino acids – peptide bond, the single covalent bond found between amino acids in a protein, the valence are shared unequally/unevenly
62
The shape and the function of a protein
- In proteins, shape and function go together - If you irreversibly change the shape of a protein and therefore it’s a function = denaturation
63
Denaturation
Heat in the pH can denature
64
4 levels of protein organization
1. Primary - the order sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary - the molecule begins to coil or pleat - hydrogen bonding 3. Tertiary- it’s a 3-D shape - Hydrogen bonding 4. Quaternary - two or more protein chains join together to make one bigger protein
65
What are the 2 Nucleic Acids
1.DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - sugar = deoxyribose - bases = Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine - strands = double stranded with base pairing - helix = yes 2. RNA - ribonucleic acid - sugar = Ribose - bases = Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine - Strands = Single stranded - Helix = No
66
What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids
Nucleotide
67
3 parts to any nucleotide
- 5 carbon sugar - one or more phosphate group - organic, nitrogenous (has nitrogen in it) base **the molecule contains both carbon & hydrogen
68
What complementary base pairing goes together?
- A goes with T - G goes with C
69
What is double helix?
- double stranded DNA molecule, where two strands twist around each other in a spiral (this is the physical structure of DNA)
70
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
- our highest energy molecule in our body - qualifies as a nucleotide - 5 carbon sugars: Ribose - 1 or more phosphate group: 3 - An organic, nitrogenous base: Adenine - Ribose + Adenine = Adenosine

Biology Test 1 (1 decks)

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