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Biology 1010 > Biology test #2 > Flashcards

Biology test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

All cells have:

A

Plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), genetic material (chromosomes & DNA), & ribosomes

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2
Q

Compare and Contrast the structures of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cell structure has bacterial chromosomes, nucleoid, Ribosomes, plasma membrane cell wall, glycocalyx, and some have fimbriea and/or flagella. Eukaryotic cell structure has DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, and cytoplasm in the regions between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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3
Q

Bacterial Chromosomes

A

Bacterial Chromosomes

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4
Q

Nucleoid

A

contains the bacterial chromosomes (the genetic makeup)

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5
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane and provides support to the cell

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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a bacterial capsule that protects the prokaryote

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7
Q

Fimbriae

A

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

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8
Q

Flagella

A

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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10
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

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11
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

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12
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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13
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane.

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14
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

a protein loosely bond to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

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15
Q

Integral proteins (transmembrane protein)

A

a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with both hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein)

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16
Q

Factors that affect Membrane fluidity

A

Temperature (Cools, membrane becomes less fluid; Heats up, membrane becomes more fluid), Phospholipids (more saturated fatty acids decrease fluidity, due to saturated tails being packed close together; more unsaturated fatty acids increases fluidity, due to kink in unsaturated tails that prevents packing together), and Cholesterol (moderates shifts in fluidity depending on temp; reduces phospholipid movement, but hinders solidification at low temps by disrupting packing)

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17
Q

How do hydrophobic (non polar) molecules pass through the plasma membrane?

A

they dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into the available space

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane; artificial or cellular

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

the region along which density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

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21
Q

Tonicity

A

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

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23
Q

how does isotonic affect an animal blood cell?

A

The blood cell is flat and normal

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24
Q

how does isotonic affect a plant cell?

A

the plant cell becomes flaccid/limp

25
Q

Hypotonic

A

referring to a solution, that when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

26
Q

how does hypotonic affect an animal blood cell?

A

the blood cell becomes lysed/swollen and bursts

27
Q

how does hypotonic affect a plant cell?

A

the plant cell becomes turgid/swollen and is normal

28
Q

Hypertonic

A

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water

29
Q

how does hypertonic affect an animal blood cell?

A

the blood cell becomes shriveled and creates spikes on the outside

30
Q

how does hypertonic affect a plant cell?

A

the plant cell’s plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall shriveling the cytoplasm/plasmolyse

31
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

32
Q

Channel proteins

A

provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

33
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane; hold on to their passengers shape and change shape in a way that shuttles them across the membrane

34
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

35
Q

which systems are apart of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion

36
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

37
Q

which systems are apart of active transport?

A

ATP/glucose (Kreb’s cycle)

38
Q

Bulk transport

A

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

39
Q

Nucleus

A

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

40
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

41
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

42
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

44
Q

Rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

45
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

46
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

49
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

50
Q

Chloroplats

A

It is only found in Plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis.

51
Q

Compare and Contrast animal cells to plant cells

A

Differences: plant cells have a cell wall but animal cells don’t. . Other answers: Plant cells have large vacuole, animal cells don’t; plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, animal cells don’t.

Similarities: Both have mitochondria for cellular respiration and produce ATP. Both are eukaryotes. Both have Plasma membrane,Nucleus and cytoplasm

52
Q

Light Microscope

A

visible light passes through specimen; then light goes through lenses that refract (bend) the light so image is magnified (max is about 1,000 times size for LM)

53
Q

Magnification

A

size of the object the you are seeing vs. the actual size of the organism

54
Q

Resolution

A

clarity; how sharp and clear the image is

55
Q

Contrast

A

colorized image to see more detail

56
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

used to study subcellular structures

57
Q

Scanning electron Microscopes

A

focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

58
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

A

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen to study the internal structure of a cell

Biology 1010 (1 decks)

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