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Biology Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The simplest collection of matter that can be alive. All organisms are made of either one (unicellular) or more than one cell (multicellular)

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2
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
  2. Archaea (Prokaryotes)
  3. Eukaryotes

They are separated because they have different kinds of cells.

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3
Q

Prokaryotes are the group that includes __________

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Prokaryotes are simple. They have no _______ or _______

A

nucleaus or Organelles

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5
Q

Prokaryotes are ___________ and ___________ and what does that mean?

A

Unicellular - the organims only has one cell

and

microscopic - they are so small you can only see them under a microscope

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6
Q

Eukaryotes are a group that include ________________

Eukaryotes have ________ and ____________

Eukaryotes can be ______ or _________, which means they can be ________ or ____________

A

Everything except bacteria and archaea

a nucleus and organelles

Multicellular or unicellular, microscopic or macroscopic

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7
Q

why was the field of modern biology born?

A

with the development of microscopes with higher magnification and resolution power

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8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Organelles are compartments inside a cell. The nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus are exaples of “organelles”

Eukaryotes DO have organelles, Prokaryotes DO NOT have organeles

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9
Q

What is the major difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have no nucleus

The nucleus contains the DNA

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:

A
  1. DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  2. Membrake-bound organelles
  3. Cytoplasm in the region between the plasm membrane and nucleus
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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The outer coating made up of a phospholipid bilayer on a cell that separates the internal workings of the cell from the outside world

It is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

They are made up of folds to increase their surface area.

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12
Q

What is Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like goop that all of the things inside the cel are suspended in.

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13
Q

What is the Nucleus

A

it hold DNA

it has TWO memebranes which together are called the nuclear enevelope.

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14
Q

DNA is organized into units called _____________.

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called ______________.

__________ condenses to form descrete ________ as a cell prepares to divide.

A

Chromosomes

Cromatin

Cromatin, Chromosomes

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15
Q

What carrys out Protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

This means that ribosomes are the protein factories forthe cell, where proteins are made.

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16
Q

Prokaryotes have ________ ________ than eukaryotes.

A

different ribosomes

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17
Q

Ribsomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations, where?

A
  1. in the cytoplasm - free robosomes
  2. on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (nuclear enevelope) - bound ribosomes
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18
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of membranes inside the cell.

Endoplasmic means: inside the cytoplasma

Reticulum: Latin for “little net”

Makes secetory proteins

helps detoxify drugs and poisons

makes membranes for the cell.

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19
Q

What are secetory proteins?

A

proteins that are sent outside the cell to somewhere else.

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20
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

receives and dispatches transort vesicles

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21
Q

What is Mitochondrion?

A

the motor of the cell

gets energy out of food so the cell can use it to do work. Getting energy from food is called cellular respiration.

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22
Q

What is Matrix?

A

The goop in the middle of the mitochondrion

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23
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

they are in plants

they absorb energy from loght, and store energy as carbohydrates

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24
Q

What do Thylakoids do?

A

capture light energy

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25
What is stroma?
the goop in the middle of the chloroplast
26
What is the cytoskeleton?
a network of various types of proteins found throughout the cell Main functions: 1. Mechanical support: cells maintain their shape, anchors the organelles 2. Motility: cells are mobile, cells can change their shape 3. Motility involves the usage of motor proteins.
27
What are the three different types of goop
1. Cytoplasm - inside the cell 2. Matrix - inside the mitochondrion 3. Stoma - inside the chloroplast
28
All cell membranes are made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a phospholipid bylayer
29
Cell membranes are _____________ meaning that ________ can pass through the cell membrane easily and _________ cannot pass through the cell easily. What is the only exception?
Selectively permeable Hydrophobic Hydrophilic water
30
What is diffusion?
the tendancy for molecules to spread out evenly in the available space Substances naturally try to move from an area of HIGER concentration to LOWER concentration
31
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a membrane Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides
32
Why is diffusion and osmosis important for all cells?
Tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water
33
What is a hypertonic solution?
When the solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the solute concetration inside a cell Consequense: the cell loses water, and shirvels up
34
What is a hypotonic solution?
When the solute concentration outside a cell is LESS than the solute concetration inside a cell. Consequense: the cell gains water and explodes
35
What is an isotonic solution?
When the concentration outside the cell is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell. Consequense: neither water loss or gain, "no net water movement"
36
The trick to getting hydrophobic molecules through the cell membrane is to use \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What are the two methods?
transport proteins 1. Active passport 2. Active transport
37
What are peripheral proteins?
they are bound to the surface of the membrane
38
What are integral proteins?
penetrage the hydrophobic core The integral proteins that span the membranes are called transmembrane proteins
39
What are the 6 major functions of membrane proteins?
1. Transport 2. Enzymatic activity 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-cell recognition 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
40
What is Passive transport?
The transport is in the same direction the molecules would diffuse if they were not blocked by the cell membrane. The proteins speed up the transport of the molecules.
41
What is active transport?
Some integral proteins move substances in the wrong direction They move substances are moved from low concentration to high concentration. It costs energy in the form of ATP
42
ATP is like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Polysaccharides are like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Lipids are like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cash in your wallet checking account savings account
43
What is Bulk transportation and what are the two types?
Very large molecules are packed in transport vescles to be brought inside the cell or shipped outside the cell. 1. Exocytosis - The shipment of molecules outside the cell using transport vesicles 2. Endocytosis - The shipment of molecules into the cell using transport vescles Bulk transportation costs APT!!
44
What is Endocytosis and what are the two types?
The shipment of molecules into the cell using transport vescles 1. Phagosytosis (Cellular eating) - A cell stuffs a big molecule into a transport vesicles and brings it agross the cell membrane into the cell 2. Pinocytosis (cellular drinking) - A cell stuffs some liquid into a transport vesicle and brings it across the membrance into the cell
45
What is a metabolic pathway?
a little piece of the massive list of chemical reactions carried out by a cell begins with specific starting material and ends with a specific product.
46
What does each step in a metabolic pathway need?
an enzyme
47
What is an enzyme?
a protein helper facilitates chemical reactions, speeds them up
48
What is a substrate?
The "starting molecule" is the thing you have before any of the chemical reactions
49
What is a Product?
the final product is the thing you have after all of the chemical reactions have occured
50
What is catabolism?
The breaking of large molecules into smaller ones Catabolism is exergonic (gives the cell more energy)
51
What is anabolism
Makeing larger molecules out of smaller one anabolism is endergonic (uses up the cells energy)
52
what are the 4 types of energy?
kenetic energy - motion Heat (thermal) energy - random movenment of atoms or molecules Potential energy - energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure Chemical energy - potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
53
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The energy of the unverse is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed The first law is also called the principal of conservation of energy
54
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat
55
Spontanious processes occur \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, they can happen quickly or slowly.
without energy
56
Exergonic reactions -
A chemical reaction that gives cells more usable energy This happens spontaniously
57
Endergonic reaction
A chemical reaction that needs the cell's energy Not spontanious
58
What are the three kinds of work a cell does?
1. Chemical 2. Transport 3. Mechanical
59
What is energy coupling?
When a cell uses energy from exergoinc processes to fuel endergoinic reactions
60
What is the cell's energy shuttle?
ATP
61
How are the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP's tails broken?
Hydrolysis
62
What is a catalyst?
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
63
How can enzym activity be affected?
Temerature and pH Chemicals
64
What are cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers an organic cofactor is called a coenzyme
65
Competitive inhibitors Noncompetitive inhibitors
competitive - binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate noncompetitive - bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less affective
66
Negative feedback Positive feedback
negative - The product made by the metabolic pathway stops or slows down the chemical reactions in the metablic pathway Positive - The product made by the metabolic pathway speeds up the chemical reactions in the metabolic pathway
67
Feedback inhibition
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
68
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells get energy from food and store it as ATP Also, the process by which energy is moved from lipids or polysaccharides to ATP
69
Cellular respiration occurs in the _________ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cytoplasm (jello-like goop in the cell) and mitochondrion
70
Harvesting of energy from glucose has three stages:
1. Glycolysis - breaks down glucose into two molecues of pyruvate 2. the Citric acid cycle - completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2 3. Oxidative phosphorylation - accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
71
What is NADH?
it can only be used to operate a proton pump (like a token at an arcade) It is NOT NADPH
72
Where does Oxidative phosphorylation take place?
mitochondrion
73
Cellular respiration is _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
catabolic (big molecules are broken down into smaller ones) Exergonic - The cell gets energy stored as ATP
74
The ________ cycle is another name for the citric acid cycle
The Krebs Cycle
75
What is photosynthesis and where does it happen?
the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy Photosythisis is the process by which some organisms take: 1. Energy from sunlight 2. Cabon Dioxide (C02) 3. Water (H20) and make carbohydrates It happens in the chloroplasts, they are green
76
Heterotrophs Autotrophs
Heterotrophs - animals and fungi, they get more organic matter by eating things Autotrophs - plants, make their own organic matter so they dont need to eat anything Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, this means they make their own organic matter by using photosynthisis
77
Light dependent reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy
78
Light independent reactions What fuels these?
make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions Happens in the Stroma Anabolistic - Small molecules make up bigger ones Endergoinc - Cell uses energy
79
Where are the chloroplasts found? and about how many of them are there?
in the cells of Mesophyll, about 30-40
80
Where do light-dependent reactions happen?
Thylakoids
81
What is a photosystem?
the name for a group of pigments The "leader pigment" is called the reaction center
82
Photosystem II
The excited electrons are used to make ATP
83
Photosystem I
The excited electrons are used as an ingredient to make NADPH
84
What are the inputs and outputs of Light Dependent Reactions?
Input: Light Energy + H2O Output: ATP, NADPH, O2
85
What are the inputs and outputs of Light Independent reactions?
Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH Outputs: Carbohydrates
86

Biology Lab (4 decks)

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