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Biology Test Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mostly water

Holds organelles in place. Stores substances

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Flexible double layer

Support to cell , semi-permeable

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical dense structure in cell

Contains genetic(DNA) info that controls cells activity

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Inner and outer membrane folded

Converts glucose to energy that the cell can use
The more active the sell the more mitochondria

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Branching tubes through Cytoplasm

To transport materials through a cell

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6
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes

Phospholipid synthesis packaging of proteins in vesicle

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8
Q

Golgi body

A

Tube like structure

Collect and process material to be removed from cell
Make and secrete mucus

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9
Q

Vacuoles

A

Outside cell

Provides support and protection

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10
Q

Vacuole (plant)

A

One large which takes up most of it space

Full of water turgor pressure keeps sell plump keeping plant firm

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

Green

Absorbs light energy
Gays green color
Creates photosynthesis

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12
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide plus water plus energy yield glucose plus oxygen

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13
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose plus oxygen yield carbon dioxide plus water plus energy

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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15
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Surface area of cell membrane

Concentration difference

Diffusion distance

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Note water moves until its concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane

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17
Q

Hypotonic

A

Having a lesser solute concentration in a fluid compared to another fluid

Cell bursts

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18
Q

Isotonic

A

Having the same osmotic pressure and same water potential since the two solutions have an equal concentration of water molecules

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19
Q

Hypertonic

A

Having a higher solute concentration in a fluid relative to another fluid

Cell shrivels

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20
Q

Solute

A

Particle in water

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21
Q

Cell theory

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their product
  2. Cell is simplest unit that can carry out all life process
  3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
22
Q

Biological Drawing techniques

Study These Flashcards
A

-large drawing on left side of paper
-labels in lower case line up first letters equally spaced out on right side
-name and date on top right corner
-title centred at top
-magnification bottom right with x
-description on bottom
-straight lines use ruler
Stippling to show dark areas

23
Q

Genes

Study These Flashcards
A

Traits of an organism and information for the body to function and grow properly. Parts of chromosomes in the nucleus.

24
Q

Chromosome

Study These Flashcards
A

Long piece of coiled DNA and protein

Human cell has 46 chromosomes
2 pairs of 23 chromosomes

Visible in cell division

25
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
26
Chromatin
When cell is not dividing the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes are spread throughout like long thin threads when it's ready to divid it could up into chromosomes
27
Sister chromatids
Each chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids
28
Sex Cells
Gametes: Egg and sperm cells Specialized reproductive cell that unites to produce a zygote Have a haploid number of chromosomes (n) 23 chromosomes
29
Somatic cells
All body cells except reproductive cells | Have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n) 46 chromosomes
30
Cell cycle
``` Interphase (growth stage) Cell division (division stage) ```
31
Interphase "resting phase"
G1 phase- cell growth S phase- Synthesis of DNA( DNA replication) G2 phase- cell growth and preparation for mitosis
32
Purpose of cell division
To replace dead and damaged cells
33
Mitosis
Division of nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei Results into 2 daughter cells contain a diploid # of chromosomes = to parent cell
34
Mitosis phases
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
35
Prophase
- Chromatin could up and forms chromosomes - nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear - centrioles separate and move to opposite ends - spindle fibres begin to form at the centrioles and stretch across the cell
36
Metaphase
Double stranded chromosomes line up along the middle of the cells
37
Anaphase
- Spindle fibres shorten and contract - centromeres are separated - each chromosomes splits into 2 sister chromatids and move to opposite ends
38
Telophase
- Spindle fibres disappear - nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes - nucleolus appears within each nucleus - single stranded chromosomes start to uncoil into thin strands of chromatin
39
Cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm and split into 2 new cells forming 2 daughter cells - animal cells pinch in the middle and cleavage furrow forms and splits them - plant cells form a cell plate like a cell wall in the middle
40
Cell cycle check points
G1 G2 And M phase They regulate the cell cycle
41
Cancer cells
-abnormal cell division -do not meet with checkpoints and stop dividing at random points -divide out of control cancer cells pile up on top of each other -
42
Tumor
Abnormal lump of cells
43
Benign tumour
Tumor that remains in one place in the body
44
Malignant tumor
Tumor that is capable of spreading
45
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells from initial site to other points in body
46
Rate of cell division
Red blood cells, muscle cells and nerve cells lose capacity to divide as they mature. Ex mammalian red blood cells extrude their nuclei when they have matured so they have no instructions for cell division and fiction as oxygen. Most cells undergo 20-30 rounds of cell division before carrying out programmed suicide. More division may result in mutated cells that may harm organisms.
47
Cell division in cancerous cells
Cells that accumulate enough mutations may loose control of cell division leading to the development of cancer cancer cells make an enzyme that signals to continue cell division. Mutations in other cancer cells do not allow the cells to produce proteins which signal cell suicide.
48
Cell specialization
Single called organisms rely on organelles to carry out life functions. Multi-called organisms have specialized cells that work together in systems to carry out life functions like digestion, breathing and circulation
49
Muscle cells
Long thin structures allows cell to change size when they contract Branching pattern that increases muscle strength High concentration of mitochondria, supplies energy for shape
50
Nerve cells
-Long threadlike branches enables the cells to receive and transmit signals from other cells throughout the body
51
Red blood cells
Doughnut like shaped with a depression in the centre provides a large surface area to Carry oxygen

AP Science (3 decks)

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