Biology test (Sep. 13) Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
autotroph
A
- producer
- make their own energy through photosynthesis
2
Q
heterotroph
A
- consumer
- get energy by consuming other organisms
3
Q
primary consumer
A
only eats plants (herbivores)
4
Q
2ndary consumer
A
eat primary consumers (carnivores/omnivores)
5
Q
tertiary
A
eat secondary consumers (carnivores/omnivores)
6
Q
scavengers
A
feed off dead consumers
7
Q
decomposer
A
feed by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms
8
Q
what happens to the energy?
A
- used to carry out functions of life (reproduction/growing)
- some energy gets lost in the atmosphere as heat
- 10% is available for the consumer
9
Q
food chains
A
- show the transfer of energy from the sun to consumer
- arrows point in the direction the energy is going in (into the mouth of the consumer)
10
Q
food webs
A
- rarely in nature the transfer of energy is as simple as one food change
- food webs are interconnected food chains that show the feeding relationships of many organisms in an ecosystem
11
Q
biodiversity
A
- the variety of all types of organisms living in a given area
- effects the sustainability of an ecosystem
12
Q
energy pyramid
A
- shows transfer of energy
- shows available amounts of energy for consumers
- decreases (10%) as the levels increase
13
Q
trophic level
A
- each level in an energy pyramid
- each level decreases by 10%
14
Q
biogeochemical cycles
A
the movement/cycling of elements through a system - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and water
15
Q
transpiration
A
evaporation of water from plant leaves
16
Q
water cycle
A
accumulation > evaporation > condensation > precipitation > surface runoff
or
transpiration > condensation > precipitation
17
Q
nutrient cycles
A
- oxygen is part of the cycle, but doesn’t get its own cycle
three types: carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
18
Q
carbon cycle
A
- carbon is a building block of life
- burning fossil fuels makes the carbon cycle unbalanced
takes carbon out: photosynthesis + dying
in: respiration (breathing) + cellular respiration
19
Q
nitrogen cycle
A
- major part of DNA
- 78% of our atmosphere contains nitrogen, but we can’t use it from the air
- bacteria converts nitrogen into a form plants can use (in the soil)
- consumers get nitrogen through eating plants
- when organisms die, nitrogen goes back into the soil and then eventually into the air through dentrification
20
Q
cellular respiration
A
- cellular respiration involves glucose and oxygen as inputs and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as outputs
21
Q
denitrification
A
the removal of nitrogen that comes from the soil and goes into the air
22
Q
phosphorous cycle
A
- important part of cell membranes, DNA, and RNA
- does not cycle through the atmosphere
- humans ruin with fertilizer runoff
- phosphorous doesn’t reach the air ever
two phosphorous reservoirs: geosphere + hydrosphere
23
Q
ecology
A
- interactions between living things
- interactions between living things and their environment
24
Q
organism
A
An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
EX: a dolphin
25
population
a group of the same species which
interbreed and live in the same
Place at the same time
EX: a pod of dolphins
26
community
all the populations of different
species that live in the same place
at the same time
EX: a pod of dolphins and a school of fish
27
ecosystem
populations of plants and
animals that interact with each
other in a given area with the
abiotic components of that area
EX: dolphins, fish, coral, water, & temperature
28
biome
a major regional area usually
characterized by climate conditions
and plants that live there
* larger
EX: georgia vs. arizona
29
biosphere
- life is found in air, on land,
and in fresh & salt waters
- the biosphere is that portion of
earth that supports living things
*only EX is earth
30
population dynamics
how populations change in size and composition over time
31
exponential growth
- fast and rapid growth of population due to an abundance of resources
- may occur when a species moves to a previously unhabituated area
- not sustainable/only exists for a short period of time
*j shaped curve*
32
logistics growth
- population faces limited resources
- growth gets smaller and smaller as it reaches carrying capacity (when the line starts to go straight across)
*s-shaped curve*
33
population density
the number of individuals in a given area
34
limiting factors
- abiotic
- biotic
- density-independent
- density-dependent
35
density-independent
anything that effects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population/the number of the people (often abiotic)
EX: natural disasters
36
density-dependent
anything that effects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of a population/the number of people (often biotic)
EX: competition for limited food and water or disease (ex: covid)
37
what is carrying capacity
the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support
38
what are limiting factors
anything that restricts/limits/slows down the growth of a population
39
population variety
- basically just biodiversity
- high levels of biodiversity lead to healthier ecosystems
- biodiversity depends on factors that can include moisture, temperature, and predators
EX: coral reef and tropical rainforests (they both have diversity in species)
40
keystone species
species that would have a very large effect/impact on an ecosystem if removed
EX: beavers, sea otters, and wolves
41
foundation species
- what everything is created upon
- creating and maintaining habitat
- locally abundant and have unique control over biodiversity in an ecosystem
- building blocks in an ecosystem
EX: coral
42
native species
- species that are found in a certain ecosystem due to natural process
- native to their ecosystem
- no human influence behind their presence
43
non-native species
- not where they are supposed to be/unnaturally there
- usually the result of human action
- don't have to be invasive or harmful
EX: tomatoes and kudzo
44
what increases population size
births and immigration
45
what decreases population size
deaths and emigration
46
what limits the size of a population (biotic & abiotic)
biotic - food, predators, disease, and competition for mates
abiotic - weather, shelter, and climate
47
how is population growth determined
the rate of population growth is determined by the amount of resources available
48
what changes the growth rates of a population
density-dependent and density-independent factors
