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Geography exam > Biology Topics 1-3 > Flashcards

Biology Topics 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biochemistry

A

the study of the material substances that make up living things

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2
Q

what is biology

A

the study of life and living organisms, from single-celled organisms to the most complex living organism of all

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3
Q

botany

A

the study of plants, including agriculture

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4
Q

cell membrane

A

gives the cell its shape and controls what enters and leaves the cell

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5
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made of one or more cells, cells are the basic building blocks of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

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6
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure giving the cell protection and support

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7
Q

cellular biology

A

the study of the basic cellular units of living things

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8
Q

chloroplast

A

contains a green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

connective tissue

A

a type of tissue including bone, blood, and loose connective fibres

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jelly like fluid in which the organelles are suspended; site of chemical reactions

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11
Q

Order of Taxonomy

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

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12
Q

ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

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13
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a type of tissue including reproductive, skin and cells of the gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

eukaryote

A

a type of cell found in animals, plants, protists and fungi

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15
Q

evolutionary biology

A

the study of the origins and changes in the diversity of life over time

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16
Q

genetics

A

the study of heredity

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17
Q

micrometer

A

a unit of measurement equivalent to one thousandth of a millimetre

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18
Q

lysosome

A

contains many digestive enzymes used to break down substances

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19
Q

mitochondrion

A

where aerobic respiration occurs

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20
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of biological molecules

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21
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically bound

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22
Q

multicellular

A

a type of organism made up of two or more cells

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23
Q

muscle tissue

A

a type of tissue including cardiac, skeletal and smooth

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24
Q

nanometer

A

a unit of measurement equivalent to one billionth of a metre

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25
Q

nerve tissue

A

a type of tissue including nerve cells

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26
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA which controls all cell activities

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27
Q

organ

A

a collection of tissues working together to perform a specific task

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28
Q

organelle

A

a sub-cellular structure composed of molecules that have a specific job to do within the cell

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29
Q

organism

A

a living thing

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30
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of organisms and their parts

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31
Q

prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism

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32
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein production

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33
Q

system

A

a collection of organs working together to perform a specific overall function to keep the organism alive

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34
Q

taxonomy

A

the practice of classifying organisms

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35
Q

tissue

A

a group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

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36
Q

unicellular

A

an organism made up of one cell

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37
Q

vacuole

A

a large fluid filled sac containing water, ions and other dissolved solutes

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38
Q

zoology

A

the study of animals, including animal behaviour

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39
Q

aorta

A

the largest artery in the body; blood vessel that takes blood to the brain and body

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40
Q

artery

A

a thick muscular blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart

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41
Q

arteriole

A

a blood vessel that diverges from an an artery

42
Q

atria

A

the top chambers of the heart

43
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

the bundle of pacemaker cells that cause the ventricles to contract

44
Q

blood pressure

A

the measure of the amount of pressure blood forces on the wall of the arteries

45
Q

capillary

A

the smallest of blood vessels where materials are exchanged between blood and tissues

46
Q

cardiac muscle

A

a type of muscle tissue found in the heart

47
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the scientific name of the system composing of the heart, lungs and blood vessels

48
Q

diastole

A

the measure of blood pressure when the heart relaxes

49
Q

heartbeat

A

the contraction and relaxation of the heart

50
Q

hypertension

A

scientific name for high blood pressure

51
Q

hypotension

A

scientific name for low blood pressure

52
Q

superior vena cava

A

he major vein that supplies deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from the brain

53
Q

lumen

A

the inner pathway of blood vessels in which blood moves through

54
Q

lungs

A

an organ in the circulatory system that delivers oxygen into the blood and takes carbon dioxide out of the blood

55
Q

pacemaker cells

A

a group of cells found in the heart and rhythmically beat causing the heart to contract and relax

56
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the artery that takes deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

57
Q

pulmonary system

A

the closed blood system that travels between the heart and the lungs

58
Q

pulmonary vein

A

the vein that supplies oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart from the lungs

59
Q

septum

A

the thick muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles in the heart

60
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

the bundle of pacemaker cells that cause the atria to contract

61
Q

inferior vena cava

A

the major vein that supplies deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from the body

62
Q

systemic system

A

the closed blood system that travels between the heart and the body

63
Q

systole

A

the measure of blood pressure when the heart contracts

64
Q

valves

A

flaps of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only

65
Q

veins

A

a thin muscular blood vessel that takes blood towards the heart; contains valves

66
Q

ventricle

A

the bottom chambers of the heart

67
Q

venule

A

a blood vessel that converges into a vein

68
Q

antibodies

A

defensive proteins made by lymphocytes that attach to foreign antigens and destroy them

69
Q

antigen

A

a surface protein that the body recognises as being foreign

70
Q

basophil

A

a type of white blood cell that produces histamines which promote inflammation

71
Q

blood clot

A

a plug that forms in a broken blood vessel to stop bleeding due to blood cells sticking together with fibrin

72
Q

bone marrow

A

the site where all bloods cells are made from haematopoietic stem cells

73
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance between two environments

74
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration

75
Q

eosinophil

A

a type of white blood cell that produces powerful chemicals that can punch holes in foreign invaders

76
Q

equilibrium

A

when two concentration gradients become equal

77
Q

erythrocyte

A

the scientific name for a red blood cell

78
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration across a cell membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins

79
Q

fibrin

A

a sticky fibrous protein produced by platelets causing red blood cells to stick together to form a clot

80
Q

haem

A

the iron component of heamoglobin that binds oxygen

81
Q

haematopoietic stem cells

A

stem cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing all types of blood cells

82
Q

leukocyte

A

the scientific name for a white blood cell

83
Q

lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell capable of producing antibodiesmo

84
Q

monocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that can perform phagocytosis; largest white blood cell

85
Q

neutrophil

A

a type of multi lobed white blood cell that can perform phagocytosis; most abundant

86
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of HIGH water concentration to an area of LOW water concentration

87
Q

passive transport

A

a form of transport that does not require an input of energy; e.g. diffusion and osmosis

88
Q

phagocyte

A

the name given to white blood cells that have the ability to perform phagocytosis; the ingestion of extracellular solid substances

89
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process of a cell ingesting solid extracellular substances; e.g. food particles or disease causing pathogens

90
Q

plasma

A

the yellow-watery part of blood that makes up 55% of blood volume in which proteins and other substances are suspended

91
Q

self-antigen

A

a surface protein found on all your body cells that distinguish your self-cells as belonging to you

92
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialised cells forming new tissues

93
Q

surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

A

the ratio between the surface area of a cell and its volume

94
Q

thrombocyte

A

the scientific name for a platelet

95
Q

undifferentiated

A

a cell (stem cell) that is not yet specialised

96
Q

totipotent

A

the ability to differentiate into all possible cell types

97
Q

pluripotent

A

the ability to differentiate into almost all cell

98
Q

multipotent

A

the ability to differentiate into a closely related family of cells

99
Q

oligopotent

A

the ability to differentiate into a few of cells

100
Q

unipotent

A

the ability to produce cells of their own type, but have properties of self-renewal required to be labeled a stem cell

101
Q

how does potency work

A

if the potency increases the specialisation decreases while id the potency decreases the specialisation increases

Geography exam (3 decks)

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