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Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What are the characteristics for all living things?

A

Movement, respire, sense and response to environment, cells, reproduction, exerts waste, nutrient exchange

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Uni & multicellular, contains membrane-bound organelles, Nucleus containing double stranded DNA

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3
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, No membrane-bound organelles, double stranded DNA, plasma membrane

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4
Q

Characteristic of Monera

A

Prokaryote, unicellular, cell wall, asexual, auto & hetorotrophic

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5
Q

Characteristics of Protista

A

Eukaryote, uni & multicellular, cellulose, sexual & asexual, hetorotrophic

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6
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryote, uni & multicellular, cell wall (chitin), sexual & sexual, hetortrophic

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7
Q

Characteristics of Plants

A

Eukaryote, multicellular, cell wall (cellulose), sexual, autotrophic

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8
Q

Characteristics of Animals

A

Eukaryote, multicellular, no cell wall, sexual, heterotrophic

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9
Q

Types of Autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs (light energy into kinetic energy), Chemoautotrophs (chemicals into Kinetic energy)

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10
Q

Types of Heterotrophs

A

Holozoic (organic matter), Saprophytic (decaying matter), Parasitic (exploiting host)

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11
Q

Type of Macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

one carbohydrates

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13
Q

Types of micronutrients

A

vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

two carbohydrates

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many carbohydrates

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16
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guamine, Cytosine

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17
Q

Saturated Lipids

A

every carbon has a hydrogen

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18
Q

Unsaturated Lipids

A

more double bonds (lack of hydrogen), more flexible in cell membrane

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

regulates what enters and exits the cell; made of glycoproteins, glycolipids, cholestrol, phosolipids & proteins

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20
Q

Cholesterol

A

type of lipid, required to build and maintain membrane, allows membrane flexibility

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head, provide the cell with selective permability

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of DNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis, composed of two subunits

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

controls activity of cell through DNA, chromosomes exits as chromatin until cell division, a double membrane with small pores for movement of substance in and out of nucleus.

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24
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

attached with ribosomes for proteins synthesis

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25
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesise carbohydrates lipids, steroids and transport material
26
Golgi Apparatus
involved in sorting, storing modification and export of secretory products
27
Plastids
site of storage and synthesis of important chemicals for autotrophic eukaryotes
28
Chemoplasts
coloured pigments to be synthesised and stored
29
Cholorplasts
specialised plastids found in green plants, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and manufactures carbohydrates
30
Mitochondria
energy producing part of cell; requires O2, have own mitochondria DNA and ribosomes
31
Vacuoles & Vesicles
digestion within cell of worn-out cell parts; needed for cell rejuivenation, isolates waste material thats harmful
32
Lysosome
fuses with vesicles to expel enzymes to digust waste; breaks down various molecules, cause 'cell suicide' to damaged cells
33
Peroxisomes
produced in ER, involved in breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and long fatty acid chains
34
Aerobic Respiration process
1. Glycolysis - produces 2 pyruvate + 2ATP (high energy) + 2NADH (low energy) 2. Kerbs Cycle - produces lots of low energy 3NADH + FADH2 + 3 carbon pyruvate 3. Electron Transport Chain - series of enzymes, makes H20+ 36-38 ATP molecules
35
Anaerobic Respiration
doesn't need oxygen to produce energy, occurs in cytoplasm, glucose produces latic acid & ethanol, energy output 2 ATP
36
Aerobic summary
occurs in cytoplasm & mitochondrion, glucose and O2 produces CO2 & H2O, energy output 36-38 ATP
37
What turns into immediate energy?
Glucose, Glycogen, Fat
38
What turns into stored energy?
Fatty Acids, glycerol, ketones
39
What turns into tissue rebuilding?
Amino acids, glucose
40
Object Size equation?
=FOV/# object size
41
Drawing mag equation?
=Drawing size/object size
42
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 +602 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36-38 ATP
43
Factors affecting respiration
Temperature; too hot = denatured proteins, too cool = insufficient kinetic energy for collision to occur. Inputs; glucose availability & oxygen concentration
44
Fertilised egg
Zygote
45
What is cell differentiation?
It is a biological process wherein cells gain specialised roles and switch from one cell type to another in an entity
46
Levels of Organisation
1. Chemicals & Molecules 2. Organelles 3. Cells 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. System 7. Organism
47
Ficks Law
Rate of diffusion = (SA x difference in concentration)/(thickness of exchange surface)
48
Things needed for a efficient Gas exchange
Large SA, moist surface, thin surface, large concentration difference
49
Enzymes
- Protein, biological catalyst which speeds a reaction without getting used up, specific roles in the body (break down) - specific substrate; substance that the enzyme binds to
50
Types of Digestion
Mechanical and Chemical
51
Mechanical Digestion
- break down food into smaller parts - takes place in mouth/place - start of carbohydrate chemical digestion
52
Chemical digestion
-break down of nutrients into smaller parts using enzymes to break chemical bonds
53
Jejunum
finishes digestion & starts absorption
54
Ileum
Absorption
55
Duodenum
digestion of carbs, fats & proteins
56
Bile
- mechanical digestion of lipids - biological detergent - increase SA for enzyme attack - breaks down lipids into smaller lumps
57
Chemistry of Digestion: Proteins
- low pH destroys tertiary and Quaternary structure - proteins -> petides -> amino acids
58
Exopeptidases
break off individual amino acids, outside enzymes
59
Endopeptidases
separates amino acids into smaller parts, inside enzymes.
60
Activation energy
- the certain amount of energy needed for chemical reactions - enzymes reduces the activation energy needed for chemical reactions
61
Exergonic Reactions
- more energy than the products - catabolic (break down) - energy released from broken bonds
62
Endergonic Reactions
- less energy then the products - anabolic (building up) - energy required to synthesise bonds
63
Active sites
The region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule, Only specific substrate can bind to a particular enzyme active site.
64
Collision Frequency
The rate of enzyme catalysis can be increases by improving the frquency of collision via: - increase the molecular motion of particles through increasing energy - increase the concentration of particles.
65
Denature
Any change of the structure of the active site will negatively affect enzyme capacity to bind substrate
66
How temperature effects enzyme activity?
- low temp = insufficient energy - high temp = decrease enzyme stability - optimal temp = enzyme active peak
67
How pH effects enzyme activity?
- optimal pH = increase enzyme activity - change pH = alter charge of enzyme
68
How substrate concentration effects enzyme activity?
- increases substrate concentration = increase activity - at certain point = rate activity stabilises = all enzymes bound & reacting
69
Competitive Inhibition
a molecule, other than a substrate, binding to an enzyme active site
70
Non competitive Inhibition
a molecule binding to a site other than the active site (an allosteric site)

LHC (3 decks)

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