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Applied science > Biology unit 1 > Flashcards

Biology unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Multicellular organism that contains a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Single-celled organism containing single stranded dna

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3
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Image size/actual size

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4
Q

What is gram staining?

A

Technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria as being gram positive or gram negative.

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5
Q

Positives of electron microscope?

A
  • Ability to produce powerful magnification

- Offers a high resolution

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6
Q

Negatives of electron microscope?

A
  • Very costly
  • It is very large
  • Requires high maintenance
  • Difficult to identify artifacts
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7
Q

Positives of light microscope?

A
  • Ability to observe living things
  • Can observe a wide range of biological activity
  • Easy and cheap to use
  • Colour
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8
Q

Negatives of light microscope?

A
  • Difficult to identify artifacts

- Low magnification and resolution

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9
Q

Function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins.

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10
Q

Function of the plasmodesmata?

A

Enables transport and communication between plant cells.

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11
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
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12
Q

How does the ultrastructure of a bacterium capsule prevent dehydration?

A

The capsule is selectively permeable which stops water from leaving.

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13
Q

Name the ribosome found in bacteria?

A

70-s

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14
Q

What is the job of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins

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15
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell

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16
Q

What damage can smoking cause?

A
  • Loses elasticity

- Causes scarring and inflammation

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17
Q

What are cilia?

A

They are small hair-like protuberances on the outside of eukaryotic cells.

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18
Q

What is the function of the midpiece of a human sperm cell?

A

Many mitochondria to supply energy for movement

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19
Q

What is the function of root hairs in plant cell

A
  • Increase surface area

- Movement of water and minerals

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20
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis

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21
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Biconcave disk to increase surface area

No nucleus to increase space for more haemoglobin.

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22
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil cell?

A

Immune response

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23
Q

how do neutrophil cells help defend the body?

A

Producing antobodies

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24
Q

What do nuclear pores allow?

A

Transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

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25
What is the function of squamous epithelial tissue and where is it located?
Alveoli-short diffusion pathway for the movement of gases
26
How can arteriosclerosis develop?
Build up of fatty deposits in the arteries
27
What is the function of endothelial tissue?
Lines the tissue in the heart and blood vessels to protect them
28
How do ciliated columnar epithelial tissue protect the lungs?
- cilia on the surface of the trachea - Goblet cells secrete the mucus - Mucus traps the pathogens
29
Name the units for size
``` Milimetre(mm) x 1000 Micrometer(um) x1000 Nanometer(nm) ```
30
Squamous epithelial tissue line what
Alveoli
31
Coloumnar epithelial tissue lines the...
Trachea
32
Squamous epithelial cells are ...
- One cell thick - present in the alveoli - used for rapid diffusion
33
Columnar epithelial cells are ...
Have cilia on the surface Present in the trachea Have goblet cells
34
Animal cell components and their function
Mitochondria- to perform cellular respiration. Ribosomes- makes proteins Plasma membrane- to protect the cell from its surroundings. Lysosome - They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Vesicle - They can be used to move molecules, secrete substances, digest materials, or regulate the pressure in the cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- the synthesis of lipids, Rough endoplasmic reticulum- to produce proteins. Vacuole- Contains cell sap Cytoplasm- It helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place Golgi apparatus- packages proteins Nucleus- Contains DNA and genetic information Nucleolus- makes ribosomes
35
What is the counterstain for gram staining
Safranin
36
What does iodine do in gram staining?
crystallizes the bacteria
37
What does palisade mesophyll cell have lots of?
Chloroplast
38
What is actin?
The thin filament
39
What is myosin?
The thick filament
40
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- Cardiac: muscle tissue in the heart - Smooth: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system - Skeletal: under conscious control. Often attaches to bones and allows movement.
41
Describe the process of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial tissue are damaged - WBC go to site of damage - WBC form plaque - Muscle cells form over the plaque - Over time this breaks and causes blockages.
42
What is the A band?
Thick and thin
43
What is the H zone?
Thick only
44
What is the I band?
Thin only
45
What does tropomyosin do?
Stops myosin from binding to the actin
46
Describe the structure of actin?
- Thin filaments - Long protein molecules that form chains twisted around each other - Has myosin binding sites
47
Describe the structure of myosin?
- Thick filament - Fibrous protein with globular head at one end - Head region has an ATPase activity and an actin binding site
48
Describe the structure of titin?
- Large abundant protein of striated muscle - Stabilises the myosin filaments - Prevents overstretch and allows muscle to recoil
49
What do the ion channels do?
- Two ions in nerve impulse are na+ and k+ - Phospholipid bilayer of the axon prevents na+ and k+ ions diffusing across it - Voltage gated ion channel can be opened/closed tp allow facilitated diffusions of Na+ and K+ - Channels are normally closed
50
What does the Na+/K+ pump do?
- Actively transports Na+ and K+ | - Uses atp to pump 3Na+ and 2K+ in and out of the cell
51
Name the 7 stages of action potential?
- Resting potential - Stimulus - Depolarisation - Action potential - Repolarisation - Hyperpolarisation - Refractory period
52
What is the function of the tonoplast?
selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through
53
What is the function of the vacuole?
Ensure a rigid framework in the cell
54
What is the function of the amyloplast?
Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch
55
What is the function of the pits?
Allows water to enter and leave the xylem vessels
56
What is the function of the grana?
site of light dependant reactions of photosynthesis
57
What is the function of a neutrophil cell?
immune response
58
What is gram staining?
technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria
59
What type of ribosome is found in bacteria?
70-s
60
Where can atheroma be formed?
Endothelial tissue
61
During muscle contraction, the A band....
Stays the same length
62
During muscle contraction, the H zone...
Gets shorter
63
What happens during the refractory period?
Sodium channels are inactive
64
What is the function of the mitochondria?
to perform cellular respiration.
65
What are the two functions of plasmids in bacteria?
- contains genes | - Allow genes to be transferred
66
What are the contractile proteins found in a myofibril?
Myosin and actin
67
What is the cell surface membrane of a skeletal muscle cell?
Sarcolemma
68
What are 6 specialised cells?
- Palisade mesophyll - Egg - Red blood cell - White blood cell - Root hair - Sperm
69
What is the tip of the sperm cell called?
Acrosome
70
What is in the middle part of the sperm cell?
Mitochondria
71
What is the tail of the sperm cell called?
Undulipodium
72
What is the outer protective layer of the egg cell called?
Zona pellucida
73
What is a myofibril?
They make up muscle cells and are composed of two filaments; actin and myosin.
74
What are the components of fast twitch muscle fibres?
- Used for fast movements - Fast contraction speed - Anaerobic respiration - Low number of mitochondria - Lower number of blood vessels
75
What are the components of slow twitch muscle fibres?
- Used for endurance movements - slow contraction speed - Aerobic respiration - High number of mitochondria - Higher number of blood vessels
76
What is noradrenaline?
Found in neurons that regulate heart rate,breathing rate and brain activity.

Applied science (5 decks)

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