Biology Unit 1 AOS 2

Question 1

What is the total number of cells in a human body?

Answer 1

37,000 billion

This includes various types of cells such as red blood cells, bone cells, and others.

Question 2

How many red blood cells (RBCs) are typically in a human body?

Answer 2

26,000 billion

RBCs are specialized for transporting oxygen.

Question 3

What is a unicellular organism?

Answer 3

Made of one cell

Question 4

What defines a multicellular organism?

Answer 4

More than one cell

Question 5

List two advantages of having specialized cells.

Answer 5

• Energy efficient
• Longer lifespans

Question 6

What is a disadvantage of having specialized cells?

Answer 6

Cannot function independently

Question 7

What is a tissue?

Answer 7

A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function.

Question 8

What are the four types of tissue in animals?

Answer 8

• Muscle
• Nervous
• Epithelial
• Connective

Question 9

What is an organ?

Answer 9

When two or more types of tissues act together to perform one or more specific functions.

Question 10

What is a system in biological terms?

Answer 10

A group of organs working together to perform a complex task vital to an organism’s survival.

Question 11

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 11

To pump blood throughout the body.

Question 12

What are the main organ systems in plants?

Answer 12

• Root system
• Shoot system

Question 13

What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?

Answer 13

Transport water and nutrients.

Question 14

What does the dermal tissue in plants do?

Answer 14

Secretes a waxy film called a cuticle.

Question 15

Define specialized cells.

Answer 15

Cells that are adapted to perform specific functions.

Question 16

How many different types of specialized cells exist in mammals?

Answer 16

Over 210 different types

Question 17

What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms in mammals?

Answer 17

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems make up organisms.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The heart consists of cardiac muscle tissue and works with ______, epithelial, and nerve tissues.

Answer 18

connective

Question 19

True or False: Specialized cells can function independently.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What is the significance of transport systems in multicellular animals?

Answer 20

They are necessary due to size, level of activity, and surface area to volume ratio.

Question 21

What are the functions of parenchyma cells in plants?

Answer 21

They are involved in photosynthesis, storage, and tissue repair.

Question 23

What is the overall purpose of the digestive system?

Answer 23

To break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 24

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 24

The tube from your mouth to anus.

Question 25

What are the two types of digestion?

Answer 25

* Physical (Mechanical) * Chemical

Question 26

What is the function of enzymes in digestion?

Answer 26

Enzymes speed up metabolism or chemical reactions in the body.

Question 27

What is a substrate in relation to enzymes?

Answer 27

The substance on which the enzyme acts.

Question 28

What suffix do most enzymes have?

Answer 28

…ase

Question 29

Name two key enzymes in digestion and their functions.

Answer 29

* Proteases - act on proteins * Amylases - act on carbohydrates * Lipases - act on lipids

Question 30

What is the role of the mouth in digestion?

Answer 30

Physically breaks down food; salivary amylase begins chemical digestion.

Question 31

What is the bolus?

Answer 31

A ball-like mixture of food formed in the mouth.

Question 32

What is peristalsis?

Answer 32

Muscular contractions that push the bolus down the esophagus.

Question 33

What controls the entry of food into the stomach?

Answer 33

The cardiac sphincter.

Question 34

What are gastric juices made up of?

Answer 34

* Water * Mucus * Hydrochloric acid (HCl) * Pepsin (protease)

Question 35

What pH does hydrochloric acid create in the stomach?

Answer 35

An acidic pH of 2-3.

Question 36

What is chyme?

Answer 36

The mixture of food and gastric juices in the stomach.

Question 37

What is the role of bile in digestion?

Answer 37

Mechanically breaks down lipids into small droplets (emulsification).

Question 38

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 38

* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum

Question 39

What do villi do in the small intestine?

Answer 39

Increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Question 40

What is absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi?

Answer 40

Glucose and amino acids.

Question 41

What happens in the ileum?

Answer 41

Continued absorption of nutrients and water.

Question 42

What are the main roles of the large intestine?

Answer 42

* Absorption of water and some salts * Preparation of undigested waste for excretion

Question 43

What is the caecum?

Answer 43

A pouch that connects the small intestine to the colon.

Question 44

What is coeliac disease?

Answer 44

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the small intestine in response to gluten.

Question 45

What is the treatment for coeliac disease?

Answer 45

Avoiding foods with gluten.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The substance on which the enzyme acts on is called the _______.

Answer 46

substrate

Question 47

True or False: The appendix is believed to protect good bacteria in the gut.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What are specialized cells in plants that demonstrate specific structures related to their functions?

Answer 48

Examples include guard cells and root hair cells. ## Footnote Specialized cells perform distinct functions essential for plant health and growth.

Question 49

What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms in plants?

Answer 49

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems make up organisms. ## Footnote This hierarchical organization is crucial for the function and efficiency of plant systems.

Question 50

Define vascular plants.

Answer 50

Vascular plants are those that transport water and nutrients through specialized vascular tissues: xylem and phloem.

Question 51

How is the structure of a root hair cell specialized for water uptake?

Answer 51

Root hair cells have elongated shapes that increase surface area for better absorption of water and minerals.

Question 52

What are the methods of movement used for the distribution of water, ions, and minerals throughout the plant?

Answer 52

Methods include osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.

Question 53

Describe the composition and role of xylem tissue in vascular transport.

Answer 53

Xylem tissue consists of vessel elements and tracheids and is responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.

Question 54

What is transpiration?

Answer 54

Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from leaves, drawing more water upward through the xylem.

Question 55

What factors influence the rate of transpiration?

Answer 55

Environmental factors include temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity.

Question 56

How is water balance maintained in vascular plants?

Answer 56

Water balance is maintained through the regulation of stomatal opening and closing, and root uptake.

Question 57

What are non-vascular plants?

Answer 57

Non-vascular plants lack vascular tissue and use osmosis and diffusion for water and nutrient movement.

Question 58

Give examples of non-vascular plants.

Answer 58

Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Question 59

What is the function of the root system in vascular plants?

Answer 59

The root system absorbs water and minerals, provides stability, and stores food.

Question 60

What is the extracellular pathway in root water absorption?

Answer 60

Water diffuses into the root through gaps between cells, moving through cell plasma membranes to reach the xylem.

Question 61

What is the cytoplasmic pathway in root mineral ion absorption?

Answer 61

Mineral ions passively diffuse or are actively transported into the cytoplasm of root hair cells.

Question 62

What structural features do xylem cells have?

Answer 62

Xylem cells have no nucleus or cytoplasm at maturity, form hollow tubes, and are strengthened with lignin.

Question 63

What is lignin?

Answer 63

Lignin is a carbohydrate that provides strength to the cell walls of vascular tissue in plants.

Question 64

What distinguishes tracheids from vessel elements?

Answer 64

Tracheids overlap at tapered ends and allow horizontal water transfer via pits, while vessel elements have open ends for continuous water flow.

Question 65

What is the role of stomata in plants?

Answer 65

Stomata regulate gas exchange and water loss in leaves.

Question 66

What happens to guard cells when potassium ions enter?

Answer 66

The guard cells become turgid, causing stomata to open.

Question 67

What is phloem made of?

Answer 67

Phloem is made of sieve cells and companion cells.

Question 68

What is translocation in plants?

Answer 68

Translocation is the movement of nutrients, such as sugars, from sources to sinks in the plant.

Question 69

Fill in the blank: The place where nutrients are made is called the ______.

Answer 69

[source]

Question 70

Fill in the blank: The place where nutrients are moved to is called the ______.

Answer 70

[sink]

Question 71

True or False: The xylem transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.

Answer 71

False. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals; phloem transports sugars.