Biology, Unit 2 Flashcards
Define plant
An organism that is usually green, has cell walls, made up of cellulose, cannot move around, and uses the sun’s energy to make sugar by photosynthesis.
List 3 common plants
trees, cactus, ferns
Four characteristics of plants
- Make their own food, 2. Are covered by a cuticle, 3. Have cell walls, 4. Have a 2-stage life cycle
**Photosynthesis (define)
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
chloroplasts
organelles that affect the color of a plant and in which photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll
a green pigment that captures energy from the sun
cuticle
a waxy layer that coats most of the plant that is exposed to air
sexual reproduction
reproduction in which sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents
list and define the 2 stages of the plant life cycle
- gametophyte: the stage in which a small plant grows from a spore and produce sperm and eggs. 2. sporophyte stage: sexual reproduction stage - when a fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte which produces spores which develop into a gametophyte
spore (define)
a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to stressful environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusing with another cell
List and define two main types of plants
- nonvascular - plants that lack specialized conducting tissues 2. vascular - a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the
vascular tissue (define)
a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the plant
nonvascular (define)
plants that lack specialized conducting tissues to move water, nutrients, and foods around in the plant - mosses, hornworts, liverworts
angiosperms (flowers); gymnosperms (no flowers)
Why must nonvascular plants be short?
because they move water, nutrients, and food to the tops of the plants
diffusion
the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density when water and nutrients move through a cell membrane into a cell)
What structure in a plant stores water
vacuole
name two types of nonflowering seed plants
choose two: conifers (evergreens with cones), cycads (pineapples are an example), ginkgoes, gnetophytes
Pollination
Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen lands on a stigma (or female cones in conifers)
Fertilization
When a sperm joins with the egg inside an ovule
List the 5 steps after fertilization
- Flower gets fertilized 2. Embryo 3. Petals and stamen fall away 4. Fruit 5. Seeds scatter
Where do seeds and fruits come from?
The ovule
What are two functions of a fruit?
It protects seeds and it helps the plant spread seeds
Fruit (define)
the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
Plant embryo (define)
Fertilized egg
Dormant (define)
Describes the inactive state of a seed or another plant part when conditions are unfavorable to growth.
Which part of a plant grows first?
The roots
Asexual plant reproduction (define)
When part of a plant produces a new plant
3 Structures for asexual reproduction (list):
- Plantlets 2. Tubers 3. Run
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination happens when pollen is moved from the anther to the stigma, but fertilization happens inside the plant
why do you think roots are the first part of a plant to grow?
Because plants need water before sunlight to grow.
**fungi
any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.
fungi common characteristics
own kingdom; eukaryotes; heteroroph; no clorophyl; spores
3 common fungi
mushrooms; yeast; athlete’s foot
hypha
fungi which grow as thread-like filaments, have pores, cell walls, septums with holes where organelles can move back and forth between cells
Two ways fungi differ from plants
No clorophyll; heterotrophs (consumers)
mycelium
the mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae, that forms the body of the fungus
heterotrophs
an organism that gets food by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot make organic compounds from inorganic material
decomposers
an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste and consuming or absorbing the nutrients
mycorrhiza
the “mutualism” relationship between a plant and a fungus; plant provides nutrients to the fungus; the fungus helps the plant absorb minerals or protects plant from disease-causing organisms
**spores
A typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.
3 ways fungi can get food
Consumers - digestive juices onto food source
Decomposers - Eat dead plant/animal matter
Parasites
3 ways fungi use asexual reproduction
hyphae break and new piece becomes fungus
spores
spores spreading by wind
mold
fungus that looks like wool or cotton
sporangia
parts of hyphae grow into the air and form round spore cases
What 2 kinds of organisms make up a lichen?
fungus and algae
How do lichens make soil?
They break up rock
ecological indicators
Organisms whose health or lack thereof may indicate changes/problems in the ecosystem (e.g. disappearance of golden toads)
How does a mycorrhiza help both the plant and the fungus?
Plant provides nutrients; fungus helps get rid of disease-causing organisms and helps plant absorb minerals
How are a hypha and a mycelium related?
hyphae make up mycelium
What part of club fungus grows above ground? What part grows below ground?
spore-producing part is above; mycelium is below
Which group of fungi forms basidia during sexual reproduction?
club fungi
How do sac fungi usually reproduce?
asexually
Name 3 ways humans use sac fungi
yeast for bread/alcohol
antibiotics/vitamins
food
Define club fungi & give example
Umbrella shaped mushrooms
Grocery store food item
Define and give example of imperfect fungi
species that do not fit into other groups
athlete’s foot; Penicillium
lichen
a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship
What part of the mushroom grows above ground?
The spore producing part
Name two diseases that can be caused by an imperfect fungus
athlete’s foot
cancer (from aflatoxin)
**yeast
a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
**algae
a simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.
**hydrophyte
a plant which grows only in or on water.
**photosynthesis equation
The photosynthesis equation is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produces glucose and oxygen. … In most plants, water is supplied from the roots, with the leaves collecting carbon dioxide via the stomata and sunlight captured by the chloroplasts in the leaves.
**clorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.
**frond
on a seedless vascular plant, the leaf or leaf like part
