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Biology Unit Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main points of cell theory

A

-all living things, or organisms, are made up of cells and can be unicellular or multicellular

  • cells are the fundamental unit of life, and all cells contain genetic information which allows them to carry out these functions, and are capable of reproduction

-all cells are produced from other cells through cell division, a concept referred to as biogenesis

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1
Q

What is spontaneous generation abiogenesis?

A

the belief that living organisms arose from non-living entities

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2
Q

Who disproved abiogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur with his experiment that involved a beaker and a tube. There is now evidence of MICRO-ORGANISMS!

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3
Q

what are organelles and what is an example?

A

the non-living part of the cell that has a specialized function which continues to the overall functioning of the cell.
ex. the nucleus

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4
Q

what is a cell and what do they form?

A

cells are the basic unit of life
they form tissues/stem cells

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5
Q

what is a tissue and what do they form?

A

they are made up of cells
work together to form organs.

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6
Q

what are organs and what do they form?

A

made up of tissues
work together to form organ systems

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7
Q

what are organ systems and what is an example?

A

they are groups of organs working together to make the body function
ex. the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

what did Hans and Zacharias Janssen invent?

A

-in 1595 they made a microscope which had an eyepiece and a lense

-20x the original size

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9
Q

what did Robert Hooke invent?

A

-in 1665 he made a three lense system with a light “cell”

-he described what he saw under the microscope

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10
Q

what did Antoni van Leeuwanhoek invent?

A
  • in 1670 he made a simpler design with a higher magnification

-moving cells are called “animalcules”

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11
Q

what does the resolving nosepiece do?

A

holds up the objective lenses

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12
Q

what do the stage clips do?

A

they hold the slide in place

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12
Q

what do the objective lenses do?

A

they have three levels of magnification used to better view the specimen

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what does the stage do?

A

where the slide is placed for support and viewing

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15
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A

it regulates the amount of light on the specimen

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16
Q

what does the light source do?

A

provides the light to view the specimen with more clarity

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17
Q

what does the base do?

A

supports the entire microscope and is used to carry the microscope

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18
Q

what does the switch do?

A

turns the light on and off

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18
Q

what does the fine adjustment knob do?

A

makes the image sharper and clearer

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19
Q

what does the course adjustment knob do?

A

moves the stage up and down

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20
Q

what does the arm do?

A

supports the nosepiece and body tube

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20
Q

what does the body tube do?

A

supports the ocular lense

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21
what does the ocular lense do?
observe the specimen by looking through
21
what is field of view measured in?
micrometres (um)
22
how do we calculate size of specimen?
size= field diameter/fit#
23
why do we use staining/oil immersion/dark field illumination?
to better view the specimen
24
what is a prokaryotic cell?
DNA is naked and circular usually no introns no nucleus***** not membrane-bound 70s ribosomes binary fission haploid 1-5 um ex. archaea and bacteria
25
what is a eukaryote cell?
DNA is linear and bound to protein usually has introns has a nucleus membrane-bound 80s ribosomes mitosis/meiosis diploid or more 10-100 um ex. plants, animals, fungi, protists
26
what does the nucleus do?
controls all cellular activity and is where DNA is stored
27
what do the lysosomes do?
digest down waste and other foreign particles
28
what does the smooth ER do?
makes lipids for delivery out of the cell
29
what does the goldi apparatus do?
involved in secretion, receives stuff from the ER's
30
what does the rough ER do?
makes proteins for delivery out of the cell
31
what do the ribosomes do?
translates mRNA into sequences of amino acids
32
what does the cytoplasm do?
jelly-like material found inside the cell that holds everything in place
33
what does the cell membrane do?
controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
34
what does the mitochondria do?
where cellular respiration takes place and provides ATP energy
35
what do the centrioles do?
organize microtubules and help determine the location of organelles
36
what is the balanced equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O+ATP energy
37
what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O = C6H12O6+6O2
38
what do the chloroplasts do?
where photosynthesis takes place and contains the chlorophyll
39
what does the cell wall do?
provides shape and support for the cell
40
what does the vacuole do?
stores water and other substances
41
what is in animal cells but not plant cells?
the CENTRIOLES
42
what is in plant cells but not animal cells?
the CELL WALL, the CHLOROPLAST, and the VACUOLE
43
define hydrophobic:
pushes water away
44
define hydrophilic:
pulls water towards it
45
what makes up the cell membrane and what is another name for it?
a double layer of phospholipid with proteins and other molecules embedded within a "phospholipid bilayer"
46
what is the Trilaminar model?
1935 Davson and Denielle protein layers "sandwich" lipids disproved by fluorescent tagging
47
what is the fluid mosaic model?
-1972 -Singer and Nicholson -proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
48
define Integral proteins:
span the lipid bilayer, are permanently embedded
49
define peripheral proteins:
associate with the surface of the membrane, are temporarily attached
50
what are the roles of these proteins?
J=intercellular Joining E=Enzymatic activity T=Transport R=cell to cell Recognition A=Attachment T=signal Transduction
51
what is cholesterol and what is its purpose?
a type of lipid found in the membrane it acts to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, therefore allowing it to maintain its integrity while it changes shape.
52
what is diffusion?
movement of solute particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
53
what is osmosis?
movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
54
what is facilitated diffusion?
the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without assistance from a protein.
55
what is active transport?
energy is required to transport substances from a low concentration to a high concentration
56
what is a hypotonic solution?
the cell takes in water causing it to swell
57
what is a hypertonic solution?
the cell releases water causing it to shrink
58
what is exocytosis?
when molecules are released from the cell
59
what is endocytosis?
when molecules are taken into the cell
60
what is pinocytosis?
cell "drinking" a from of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids
61
what is phagocytosis?
cell "eating" a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids
62
how can you tell how efficient a cell is?
the larger the surface area-to-volume ratio, the more efficient the cell will be
63
what are some advantages and disadvantages of multicellularity? (name three each)
ADVANTAGES: -cells become more specialized so they can perform particular functions more efficiently -organisms can become larger -if one cell dies the entire organism is unaffected DISADVANTAGES: -takes more energy -lots of specialized cells -reproduction of "bad" cells like cancer
64
what is in the shoot system of a plant and what is its role?
stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruit absorbs CO2 and releases O2.
65
what is the root system of a plant and what is its role?
roots and root hairs absorbs water and minerals from the soil
66
what is a meristem and what do they do?
specialized clusters of cells where mitosis occurs they produce root and shoot tissue
67
what is the dermal tissue and what is its role?
-it is the outer layer of cells that covers all the non-woody plants -one cell layer thick -gas exchange occurs in the lenticels -protects the plant from disease -has a waxy coating called the cuticle
68
what is the ground tissue and what is its role?
-found beneath the epidermis -provides strength and support -food and water storage -location of photosynthesis
69
what is the vascular tissue and what is its role?
-inner layer -xylem tissue is specialized in the movement of water and dissolved minerals -phloem tissue is specialized for the movement of sucrose and other dissolved sugars
70
where does the gas exchange occur in plants?
in the stomata
71
explain the process of gas exchange within a plant:
-when the guard cells become turgid, the stomata opens, releasing O2 and absorbing CO2 -transpiration also occurs when the stomata is open -when the plant is dehydrated, the turgor pressure decreases, causing guard cells to shrink and the stomata to close
72
what is the palisade mesophyll and what is its role?
-found beneath the lower epidermis -long, rigid, rectangular cells -site of photosynthesis -contains large amounts of chloroplasts
73
what is the spongy mesophyll and what is its role?
-loosely packed and irregularly shaped -spaces between those cells allow for gas exchange to occur
74
what is the xylem and what does it do?
-transports water and minerals -transported up from the roots -no sieve plates -no living outer cells
75
what is the phloem and what does it do?
-transports sugar -transports both up and down -sieve plates are present and are connected to small companion cells -has living outer cells
76
what is the role of the cellulose and lignin?
-thick-walled tubes -support the cell -transport water from the root
77
True or False: water is both cohesive and adhesive?
TRUE!
78
what is positive tropism?
growth of a plant towards a stimulus
79
what is negative tropism?
growth of a plant away from a stimulus
80
what is phototropism?
-the growth of a plant in response to light -controlled by the hormone auxin
81
what is gravitropism?
the growth of a plant in response to gravity

Science 10 (4 decks)

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