Biology8.3-8.5Quiz

Question 0

What base does Guanine pair with?

Answer 0

Cytosine

Question 1

What base does Adenine pair with?

Answer 1

Thymine

Question 2

How many hydrogen bonds join Adenine and Thymine?

Answer 2

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 3

How many hydrogen bonds join Guanine and Cytosine?

Answer 3

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 4

How do the strands in DNA run?

Answer 4

Antiparallel

Question 5

Where does the carbon numbering of DNA begin?

Answer 5

The carbon to the right of the oxygen

Question 6

Through what process is DNA synthesized?

Answer 6

Semi-conservative replication

Question 7

What are the three steps of semi-conservative replication?

Answer 7

Binding of enzymes to existing DNA; unwinding of the Double helix; synthesis of new matching strand for each existing strand

Question 8

What are all the enzymes is DNA synthesis called?

Answer 8

The replisome

Question 9

Where do enzymes bind during DNA synthesis?

Answer 9

Replication origins on the major groove

Question 10

Topoisomerase

Answer 10

Straightens DNA so enzymes can function during replication

Question 11

Helicase

Answer 11

Unwinds the double helix using ATP

Question 12

DNA polymerases

Answer 12

Add nucleotides to the new DNA strand

Question 13

DNA (RNA) primase

Answer 13

Gets DNA ready for the new nucleotides by adding short RNA segments on the lagging strand

Question 14

DNA ligase

Answer 14

Bonds together deoxyribose and phosphate between Okazaki fragments with a phosphodiester bond

Question 15

SSBP

Answer 15

Holds parent DNA strands apart during replication

Question 16

Okazaki fragments

Answer 16

Short sections of new DNA added to the lagging strand by DNA polymerase alpha

Question 17

RNA primer

Answer 17

Short section of RNA added by DNA primase

Question 18

Leading strand

Answer 18

Daughter strand of DNA synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase delta

Question 19

Lagging strand

Answer 19

Daughter strand of DNA synthesized discontinuously by DNA polymerase alpha

Question 21

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 21

Very weak bonds formed between complimentary strands of DNA

Question 22

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 22

covalent bonds formed between the phosphate group and the deoxyribose group (forms sugar phosphate backbone)

Question 23

What happens to the leading strand?

Answer 23

DNA polymerase continously adds nuleotides

Question 24

Why is the lagging strand made in segments?

Answer 24

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 3 prime to 5 prime direction, which means it would have to move opposite the movement of the replisome on the lagging strand.

Question 25

In which direction can DNA polymerase work?

Answer 25

3 prime to 5 prime along the old strand

Question 26

What joins the segments of DNA created on the lagging strand?

Answer 26

DNA ligase

Question 27

What are the fragments of DNA formed on the lagging strand called?

Answer 27

Okazaki fragments

Question 28

About how many base pairs are there in human DNA?

Answer 28

3 billion

Question 29

1 mutation occurs in about every ___ base pairs.

Answer 29

10,000 | This would lead to about 300,000

Question 30

About how many mutations are left once the S phase is complete?

Answer 30

30

Question 31

mutation

Answer 31

a change in the sequence of DNA

Question 32

What can cause mutations?

Answer 32

mutagenic chemicals and radiation

Question 33

What removes many of the mutations before the S phase is complete?

Answer 33

DNA polymerase checks its work, and if not, the excision repair sequence fixes the mistake.

Question 34

What is the advantage of DNA polymerase checking its own work?

Answer 34

more efficient

Question 35

Why do most human cells need to correctly read DNA?

Answer 35

not to divide, but to complete everyday functions

Question 36

How are DNA replication errors detected in the excision repair sequence?

Answer 36

by the mismatch of the hydrogen bonds

Question 37

What recognizes the mismatch of the hydrogen bonds?

Answer 37

the enzyme nuclease

Question 38

What does nuclease do once an error is detected?

Answer 38

attach to the DNA, break the phosphodiester bond, and removes the erroronous section

Question 39

What enzyme fixes the errors removed by nuclease?

Answer 39

DNA polymerase

Question 40

What enzyme reforms the phosphodiester bond in the excision repair sequence?

Answer 40

DNA ligase

Question 41

Why is the excision repair sequence necessary?

Answer 41

without a way of repairing errors, lethal mutations would accumulate quickly

Question 42

Which nucleotides are purines?

Answer 42

Adenine and Guanine

Question 43

What are purines?

Answer 43

nucleotides with 2 rings

Question 44

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

Answer 44

Thymine and Cytosine

Question 45

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 45

nucleotides with 1 ring

Question 46

What are the two types of nucleotides?

Answer 46

purines and pyrimidines

Question 47

Adenine bonds with...

Answer 47

Thymine

Question 48

Guanine bonds with...

Answer 48

Cytosine

Question 49

Thymine bonds with...

Answer 49

Adenine

Question 50

Cytosine bonds with...

Answer 50

Guanine

Question 51

How many bonds connect Adenine and Thymine?

Answer 51

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 52

How many bonds connect Guanine and Cytosine?

Answer 52

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 53

How can one tell which end of a nucleotide is the 5 prime end?

Answer 53

The 5 prime end has the oxygen molecule and the fifth carbon.

Question 54

How can one tell which end of a nucleotide is the 3 prime end?

Answer 54

The 3 prime end is opposite the oxygen molecule and the phosphate group of each nucleotide.

Question 55

Deoxyribose is a ___ carbon sugar.

Answer 55

5