biology_flashcards_full_corrected

Question 1

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

Question 2

What is the basic structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 2

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Question 3

Define diffusion.

Answer 3

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 4

What is osmosis?

Answer 4

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 5

Describe active transport.

Answer 5

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Question 6

What are lipids?

Answer 6

A group of organic compounds including fats, oils, and waxes.

Question 7

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 7

Energy storage, insulation, and making up cell membranes.

Question 8

What are proteins made of?

Answer 8

Amino acids.

Question 9

What is the primary function of enzymes?

Answer 9

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Question 10

What is natural selection?

Answer 10

Process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 11

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Answer 11

Charles Darwin.

Question 12

What are the four main types of organic molecules in living organisms?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Question 13

What is a monomer?

Answer 13

A single building block of a larger molecule (polymer).

Question 14

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 14

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Question 15

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 15

Providing energy for cells.

Question 16

What is ATP?

Answer 16

A molecule that stores and provides energy for cellular processes.

Question 17

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 17

Store and transmit genetic information.

Question 18

What is a mutation?

Answer 18

A change in the DNA sequence.

Question 19

What is homeostasis?

Answer 19

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.

Question 20

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

Answer 20

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 21

What is a polymer?

Answer 21

A large molecule made up of repeating monomers.

Question 22

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

Answer 22

The intermediate formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Question 23

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Answer 23

Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to an optimal point, then decreases with higher temperatures.

Question 24

What is denaturation?

Answer 24

Loss of enzyme function due to changes in temperature, pH, or other environmental factors.

Question 25

What are nucleotides?

Answer 25

The monomers of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Question 26

What is a gene?

Answer 26

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 27

What is transcription?

Answer 27

The process of copying a gene's DNA sequence into mRNA.

Question 28

What is translation?

Answer 28

The process where ribosomes read mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Question 29

What is a catalyst?

Answer 29

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Question 30

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 30

Provides structural support, cell shape, and aids in cell movement.

Question 31

What is apoptosis?

Answer 31

Programmed cell death.

Question 32

What is mitosis?

Answer 32

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Question 33

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 33

Mitosis produces two identical cells; meiosis produces four genetically unique cells.

Question 34

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 34

Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes but may have different alleles.

Question 35

What is a zygote?

Answer 35

The fertilized egg cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg.

Question 36

What is the role of ribosomes?

Answer 36

Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Question 37

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Answer 37

ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

Question 38

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 38

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 39

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 39

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).

Question 40

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Answer 40

In the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Question 41

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

Answer 41

Chlorophyll.

Question 42

What are autotrophs?

Answer 42

Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants).

Question 43

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 43

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid or ethanol and ATP.

Question 44

What are the two types of fermentation?

Answer 44

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Question 45

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 45

Digest and recycle cellular waste and worn-out organelles.

Question 46

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 46

Describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible layer with various proteins embedded in or attached to the phospholipid bilayer.