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Biomaterials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main material categories?

A

Metal, Ceramic, Polymer —-composite = polymer + ceramic

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2
Q

Define Biomaterials

A

Materials used to construct artificial organs, rehabilitation devices, or prostheses and replace natural body tissues without causing any harm or negative effects.
ie- materials used to replace body parts

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3
Q

Give examples of synthetic biomaterials.

A

composite, silicone impression material

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4
Q

Give examples of natural biomaterials.

A

alginate, hydrocolloids

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5
Q

Give examples of tissue-engineered biomaterials.

A

stem cells, replacement tissues

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6
Q

What is meant when talking about a materials structure?

A

bonds, anatomic arrangement, composition, defects

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7
Q

What is meant when talking about a materials properties?

A

physical, chemical, mechanical, degradation, biologic

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8
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of metals?*

A

hard
ductile = tough
strong

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9
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of ceramics?*

A

hard
brittle
strong

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10
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of polymers?

A

soft
ductile = tough
weak

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11
Q

What are the general processing characteristics of metals and ceramics?

A

high processing temperatures - Thus used for more indirect processes (casting a crown)

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12
Q

What are the general processing characteristics of polymers?

A

low processing temperatures - Thus, used for more direct processes. (heavy and light body for a crown impression)

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13
Q

True or False - Metallic bonds are not directional

A

True

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14
Q

How many electrons are in the outer shell of a metal element?

A

1,2, or 3

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15
Q

True or False - Electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus of a metallic element.

A

False

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16
Q

What happens to a metal once it cools down from being heated to a molten metal?

A

crystallization of the metal occurs and forms grains (groups of crystals)

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of gold?

A 
most noble metal
most ductile and malleable metal
melts at 1063 degrees C
not tarnished by air or water
not soluble in HCl, H2SO4, or HNO3
can be etched by aqua regia
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18
Q

Is pure gold a good metal to produce a crown?

A

No, it would need to be mixed with alloy elements.

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19
Q

What is a metal alloy?

A

A mixture of 2 or more metals

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20
Q

What are some examples of metal alloys used in the oral cavity?

A

metal crowns

amalgam

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21
Q

Characteristic of metal alloy

A

Less ductile than a pure metal, but it is stronger

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22
Q

What are some examples of ceramics used in the oral cavity?

A

all ceramic crowns, cements, gypsum, denture teeth

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of ceramic?

A

ionic and covalent bonds

directional bonding

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24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

one atom is an electron donor and another is an electron acceptor (a complete transfer of valence electrons)

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25
What is a covalent bond?
a sharing of electrons between two atoms
26
Are covalent or ionic bonds stronger?
covalent
27
What are the 3 most common ceramics in dentistry?
SiO2, Al2O3, K2O
28
What is the building block of ceramics?
The SiO4 tetrahedron
29
What are the types of microstructure a ceramic can have?
crystalline or noncrystalline
30
What is an example of a crystalline ceramic?
Quartz or crystobalite
31
What is an example of a noncrystalline ceramic?
amorphous silicate glass
32
What microstructure do most dental materials have?
semicrystalline or polycrystalline
33
What are gypsum and zinc phosphate?
aqueous cements
34
What are some characteristics of polymers?
covalent bonds high molecular weight long molecules composed of nonmetallic elements
35
What are some common uses for polymers in dentistry?
making provisionals (temp crowns) adhesives (tray adhesive) restoratives registration material (blu-bite)
36
What are some ways to process a polymer?
light activation initiation of a monomer propagation or termination of a free radical
37
What is the formation of a polymer?
liquid(monomer) to solid (polymer) through polymerization
38
What are the 4 stages of a chain reaction polymerization?
activation, initiation, propagation, termination
39
What occurs during the activation stage?
the free radical is activated
40
What occurs during the initiation stage?
the free radical binds with the monomer leaving a double bond opening
41
What happens during the propagation stage?
chain growth, volume decrease, and shrinkage
42
What are two monomer functional groups?
monomethacrylates | dimethacrylates
43
Describe the structure of monomethacrylates.
linear chains
44
Describe the structure of dimethacrylates.
branched and crosslinked
45
Are polymerization reactions fast or slow to complete?
They are usually quick and can generate heat.
46
What are some characteristics of direct restorations?
less preparation, one visit to complete, often do not last as long
47
What are some characteristics of indirect restorations?
More preparation, expensive, longevity, multiple visits to complete
48
What biomaterial(s) is/are typically an indirect approach to restoration?
metals and ceramics (high processing temperatures) EXCEPT: amalgam and cements
49
What biomaterial(s) is/are typically a direct approach to restoration?
polymers (low processing temperature) EXCEPT indirect composites
50
What is a composite?
mixture of metal and/or a ceramic and polymer
51
What is " rule of mixture"?
a weighted mean used to predict the properties of composite.
52
What is density?
weight/volume
53
What is specific gravity?
density of a material/density of water
54
What is the density order of metals, ceramics, and polymers beginning with the most dense?
metal, ceramic, polymer
55
What does a base need to be place under an amalgam restoration?
amalgam is a thermal conductor - heat from the environment can conduct through the amalgam and irritate the pulp, causing sensitivity to the patient
56
Does a composite restoration need a base?
no, composite has a low thermal conductivity
57
True or False - Color has 4 dimensions
False - it has 3
58
What are the 3 dimensions of color?
Hue, Value, Chroma
59
What is Hue?
a dimension of color that involves the wavelength
60
What is Value?
a dimension of color that involves the intensity and brightness of an object
61
What is Chroma?
a dimension of color that involves the purity and density of an object
62
Describe metamerism.
when two colors appear the same color under one light source, but look different under another light source

Dental Materials (1 decks)

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