Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fall 2024 > BioMech Exam 2 > Flashcards

BioMech Exam 2 Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Types of joints

A

bony joint, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bony joint

A

synarthrosis- an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
ex. metopic synostosis- premature fusing of the metopic suture have a triangular shape to the forehead. They have a noticeable ridge along their foreheads. Their eyes that appear too close together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fibrous

A

synarthrosis
ex. suture- immovable joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cartilaginous

A

slight mobility
amphiarthrosis- slightly movable joint
joints where bones are connected by cartilage, a flexible but tough connective tissue
Two types: Synchondrosis, Symphysis
ex. pubic symphysis- joins your left and right pelvic bones and holds it in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synchondrosis

A

primary cartilaginous joint that connects bones with hyaline cartilage. Synchondroses can be temporary or permanent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint that connects bones with fibrocartilage. Symphyses are slightly moveable joints that allow for a small range of motion.
example is the pubic symphysis, where the pubic bones of the pelvis are joined together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

gomphosis

A

a fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint.
ex. The roots of the teeth fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

synovial

A

Joint in body that allow long range of motion
space between bones
fluid between bones
diarthrotic- a joint that is freely movable and allows for a wide range of motion. Diarthroses are also known as synovial joints, and are the most common and movable type of joint in the body.
ex. hinge, ball and socket, knee, hip, etc…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Joint positions

A

Close-packed and loose-packed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

close packed joint position

A

maximum contact between surfaces
maximum compression possible
forces travel through joint as if it does not exist
ex. elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

loose-packed joint position

A

all other joint positions
less contact area between surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diarthrotic

A

a joint that is freely movable and allows for a wide range of motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of diarthrotic joints

A

Head of humerus and scapula to make ball and socket joint (humeroscapular)
Humerus and Ulna to make hinge joint (humeroulnar)
Carpal and metacarpal to make saddle joint (carpometacarpal I)
Radius and Ulna to make pivot joint (radioulnar)
Carpal bones to make gliding joint (intercarpal)
Metacarpal bone and phalanx to make Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Joint postitions

A

Close-packed position and Loose-packed position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Close-packed position

A

Position maximum contact between surfaces
maximum compression possible
Forces travel through joint as if it did not exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loose-packed position

A

All other joint positions
Less contact area between surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement you can see
ex. flexion, extension
under voluntary control
passive range of motion (PROM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The movement of joint surfaces. Arthrokinematics differs from Osteokinematics - in general Osteokinematics means joint movement and Arthrokinematics joint surface motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of Arthrokinematic Motion

A
  • Spin
  • Distraction and traction
  • Compression
  • Roll
  • Glide/slide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spin

A

*Rotation of a movable joint surface on a fixed adjacent surface
*A single point on one joint rotates on a single point on another joint
surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Roll

A

*Rolling of one joint surface on another
*Multiple points along one joint surface contact multiple points on
another joint surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glide/Slide

A

*Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of an adjoining
joint surface
*A single point on a joint surface contacts multiple points on another
joint surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Roll- Slide dynamics

A

The Convex-Concave Rule

The Concave-Convex Rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Convex-Concave Rule

A

A convex joint surface will move on a fixed concave surface
in the opposite direction as the moving body segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The Concave-Convex Rule
A concave joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface in the same direction as the moving body segment
26
How to keep integrity of convex-concave joint?
joint subluxation or dislocation would result were a convex surface to roll on a fixed concave surface without gliding at the same time. Roll and glide must occur simultaneously, and must occur in opposite directions. Connective tissue prevents rolling off plateau. Glide/slide allows joint to stay intact since connective tissue pulls it into opposite direction
27
How to keep integrity of concave-convex joint?
Joint surfaces would gap in some areas and impinge in others were a concave surface to roll on a fixed convex surface without gliding at the same time. To preserve joint integrity, roll and glide must occur simultaneously, and in the same direction.
28
Open kinetic chain
distal segment is mobile lower resistance increased acceleration forces increased distraction of the joint capsule
29
Closed kinetic chain
distal segment is fixed higher resistance lower acceleration forces increased opposite compression of the joint capsule Ex. Walking, standing. Resistance is body weight. Compression pushes joints together
30
What causes large range of motion of the shoulder complex?
multi-joint structure poor bony structure moderate ligamentous restraint scapulohumeral cooperative action
31
Structures of shoulder
Clavicle Shoulder girdle Scapula Glenoid fossa Glenoid labrum
32
Clavicle
* “S”-shaped bone articulating with scapula and sternum connects upper extremity to thorax protects brachial plexus (network of nerves) and vascular structures Serves as attachment site for shoulder and neck muscles (connect to the skull)
33
Shoulder girdle
* An incomplete bony ring in the upper extremity
34
Scapula
* Flat, triangular bone on the upper posterior thorax
35
Glenoid fossa
* “Socket” for shoulder joint
36
Glenoid labrum
* Ring of fibrocartilage around rim of glenoid fossa * Deepens socket for shoulder joint
37
Joints of shoulder
Sternoclavicular joint acromioclavicular joint scapulothoracic joint glenohumeral joint
38
Sternoclavicular joint motions
frontal plane= elevation and depression sagittal plane= posterior rotation horizontal plane= protraction and retraction. moving scapula Joint is end of clavicle near the sternum
39
Where will clavicle fracture on sternoclavicular joint?
Middle of S-shaped curve
40
sternoclavicular joint dislocation?
pops forward or backwards and hits the blood vessels (subclavian veins and arteries) anterior dislocation (forward) caused by hard blow to the shoulder from falling on an outstretched hand posterior is when front of clavicle is hit and puts clavicle behind the sternum
41
scapulothoracic joint
serratus anterior attaches to outside of ribs and inserts on the inside of the scapula (medial border) Keeps scapula against back Damage to muscle/nerve causes muscle to be paralyzed and scapula is winged On scapula towards back
42
acromioclavicular joint
Between clavicle toward shoulder (lateral end) and acromion on scapula
43
acromion
bony process on scapula that develops separately and fuses with the scapula
44
Movement of acromioclavicular joint
frontal plane = upward and downward rotation of scapula. Big movement horizontal plane (transverse) = small rocking left and right on a persons back sagittal plane = forward (not much b/c ribs are there) and backward (lifts off a lil bit)
45
AC ligament
between acromion and clavicle
46
coracoclavicular ligament
Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula. trapezoid and conoid
47
Grades of AC damage
grade 1: AC/ligament sprain grade 2: AC and coracoclavicular grade 3: all of them
48
Glenohumeral joint
head of humerus and glenoid of scapula Connective tissue is passive restraint. Neg pressure holds it together which provides stability
49
Labrum
cartilage that helps keep ball of joint in place
50
missing labrum parts would cause
The absence of anterior superior labrum would, in theory, concentrate forces in the superior labrum and the area of insertion of the biceps tendon, which could predispose the patient to a SLAP lesion and other intra-articular lesions. However, some authors have suggested that its presence may create overload to the other structures of the shoulder that restrain movements such as the biceps tendon and rotator cuff. Its presence needs to be considered in athletes who present with repetitive shoulder pain that is attributed to rotator cuff lesions and SLAP lesions.
51
glenoid labrum
group of connective tissue that make glenoid deeper
52
Ways to check for dislocated shoulder
finger between process and head of humerus More fingers = less intact the joint is Have someone hold something and see if it falls
53
Coracohumeral ligament
from humerus to coracoid process
53
superior glenohumeral ligament
12 o'clock like a tendon
54
Middle glenohumeral ligament
3 oclock fibers pan out, not as tight bundles Less like a tendon
55
Inferior glenohumeral ligament
ligament structure anterior and posterior band with pouch in-between Catches humerus when shoulder is dislocated
56
Posterior capsule
provides zero restraint Holds nothing in place because glenoid does not sit, it tips forward Back bony ridge of glenoid does the restraint Allows capsule space to have negative pressure
57
Roles of muscle
Attach scapula to trunk attach humerus to trunk attach scapula to humerus Rotator cuff muscles do this!
58
Trapezius
Helps attach scapula to trunk
59
Latissimus dorsi
Attaches humerus to trunk Either moves the humerus or keep the scapula in place
60
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Coordination of scapular and humeral movements enables much greater range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder Happens at the expense of stability
61
Rotator cuff muscles
small muscle mass deal with large external muscles (create unwanted shear) provide joint compression, restraint in anterior, posterior and superior aspects SITS muscles The subscapularis The infraspinatus The teres minor The supraspinatus
62
supraspinatus
Attaches from top of scapula to upper end of humerus Rotate and lift your arm
63
subscapularis
attaches middle of scapula to lower part of humeral head Hold arm outstretched
64
infraspinatus
bottom of scapula to humerus behind the supraspinatus rotation of arm
65
Teres minor
Attaches to outside edge of scapula and attaches to humerus beneath infraspinatus Turn and rotate arm
66
Layers of rotator cuff
1. Outer most layer. Down toward joint capsule. Ligaments 2. Tendons for larger muscles that will move the arm. 3. Tendons for the rotator cuff and tendons for large muscles at 45 degrees 4. Unknown layer. Structures in outermost layer blending into this layer 5. Joint capsule
67
Regions of the spine
Cervical region, cervicothoracic junction, thoracic region, thoracolumbar junction, lumbar region, lumbosacral junction, sacrococcygeal region, sacrum, coccyx
68
Primary curves of spine
thoracic and sacral curves Through development two more curves are added.
69
Secondary curves of spine
cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, sacral curve cervical curve develops as baby lifts head (3 months) lumbar curve develops as baby stands up and bears weight (9 months) Forms because head is above pelvis
70
Weight bearing of the spine
It increases as you go down the spine from cervical to sacral regions
71
Cervical vertebrae
C1 = atlas (allows nodding movement) C2 = axis (allows turning movement)
72
C1 atlas
Allows nodding movement opisthion is posterior side (back of skull) basion is anterior side (towards the front of skull) Open mouth, atlas is straight back behind the throat
73
Foramen magnum
Opening in the base of the skull that connects the spinal chord to the brain
74
Ocular occipital angle
Head is tilted up Anterior side is raised Angle is about 20-30 degrees in humans
75
Children's migraines
Children with not well developed axis has migraines from blood vessel issues Fuses around 7 years of age
76

Fall 2024 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions