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Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system

A

The nervous system involving the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

The nervous system outside of the central nervous system that involves the somatic/motor nerves and the autonomic/visceral nerves.

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The nervous system that signals to and from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, organs, and glands.

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4
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the brain?

A

-Parietal lobe
-frontal lobe
-occipital lobe
-cerebellum
-spinal cord
-temporal lobe
-frontal lobe

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5
Q

what does the occipital lobe control?

A

vision and color perception

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6
Q

what does the frontal lobe control?

A

motor planning, anticipation, attention, and concentration

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7
Q

what does the parietal lobe control ?

A

sense of touch, differentiation of size and shape, and spatial and visual perception

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8
Q

what does the temporal lobe control?

A

information retrieval and memory

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9
Q

what does the cerebellum control?

A

coordination of voluntary movement, balance and equilibrium, and memory for reflexive motor activity

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10
Q

what does the brain stem control?

A

sense of balance, breathing, cardiovascular control, body temperature, and perspiration.

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11
Q

where are the premotor and primary motor areas located?

A

in the frontal lobe

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12
Q

what is the function of the premotor area?

A

coordinating and integrating complex voluntary movements

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13
Q

function of the primary motor area

A

receives information from the premotor area and sends signals down the spinal cord to initiate muscle contraction and create voluntary movements.

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14
Q

where are the primary sensory and sensory association areas located?

A

the parietal lobe

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15
Q

function of the primary sensory area

A

receives sensory information from the body, via the spinal cord, about sensation in skin, muscles, joints, and organs.

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16
Q

function of the sensory association area

A

receives information from primary sensory area and analyzes the sensory information and plays a role in integrating sensory information with a concomitant motor response via its communication with the primary motor area.

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17
Q

what connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

a thick band of neural fibers called the corpus callosum.

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18
Q

where would learning a new exercise take place in the brain?

A

the premotor area

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19
Q

How many cranial nerves does the PNS have?

A

12 pairs

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20
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves does the PNS have?

A

31 pairs

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21
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

-Olfactory
-Oculomotor
-Trigeminal
-facial
-glossopharyneal
-accessory
-optic
-trochlear
-abducens
-vestibulocochlear
-vagus
-hypoglossal

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22
Q

Where do the cranial nerves emerge from?

A

the brain

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23
Q

Where do the spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Different sections of the spine

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24
Q

Which nerves emerge from the cerebrum?

A

The first and second pair of spinal nerves

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25
Where do most of the spinal nerves emerge from?
the brainstem
26
what is the sensory pathway also called?
afferent division
27
what is the motor pathway also called?
efferent division
28
How many cervical nerves are there?
8
29
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12
30
how many lumbar nerves are there?
5
31
how many sacral nerves are there?
5
32
how many coccygeal nerves are there?
only 1
33
what is the sensory division of the PNS composed of?
the somatic sensory and visceral sensory pathways
34
what is the function of the somatic sensory pathway?
associated with the sensations of touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and temperature in the skin, and proprioception in the skeletal muscle
35
what is the function of the visceral pathway?
associated with stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in the viscera.
35
the motor division of the PNS is composed of:
the somatic (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
36
what is the somatic nervous system (SNS) composed of?
motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscle to voluntarily produce contraction and movement.
37
What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?
a parasympathetic and sympathetic division and both, collectively, play roles in the motor innervation for involuntary activation of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and organs.
38
Where is the sympathetic nervous system?
originates from the sympathetic chain, located on both sides of the spine, and consists of ganglia that connect to skin, blood vessels and organs in the body cavity
39
Why is the sympathetic nervous system important to exercise?
-stimulates activation of the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate and blood pressure -stimulates glycogenolysis, which is the degradation of glycogen to glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle
40
what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
works in opposition of the sympathetic system and is responsible for the body’s ability to recover and return to a balanced, homeostatic state after experiencing an emotional or physical stressor, such as exercise.
41
what are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral
42
where does the spinal cord extend from?
it extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull
43
What is the spinal cord continuous with?
the brain stem and medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae
44
What roots do the spinal nerves split into?
the dorsal and ventral roots
45
function of the dorsal root
-carries afferent/sensory info through the spinal cord -enters the spinal cord postero-laterally
46
function of the ventral root
-carries efferent/motor info through the spinal cord -enters the spinal cord antero-laterally
47
Intermuscular coordination
the capacity of the nervous system to coordinate the kinetic chain, thus making the movement pattern more efficient.
48
What happens when the nervous system learns a movement pattern?
fewer motor units get activated by the same weight, which leaves more motor units available for activation by higher weights
49
components of intramuscular coordination
-synchronization -recruitment -rate coding
50
synchronization
The capacity to contract motor units simultaneously or with minimum latency (that is, with a delay less than five milliseconds)
51
recruitment
The capacity to recruit motor units simultaneously
52
rate coding
The capacity to increase firing rate (motor unit discharge rate) in order to express more strength
53
What constitutes: -the inner layer of the brain/spinal cord -the outer layer of the brain/spinal cord
-Gray matter = inner -White matter= outer
54
what does gray matter constitute?
primarily of unmyelinated neurons, and forms a hornlike structure throughout the inside of the spinal cord.
55
what does white matter constitute?
makes up the surrounding sections of the spinal cord, and consists of myelinated neurons
56
what is the function of white matter?
it contains various ascending and descending nerve tracts that are important in establishing somatosensory processing between the brain and the body.
57
what is the function of the ascending nerve tracts?
carry sensory/afferent information from the body to the brain and cerebellum.
58
what is the function of the descending nerve tracts?
carry motor/efferent information from the brain to the body.
59
What are the ascending tracts?
dorsal column medial lemniscus system
60
what does the dorsal column medial lemniscus system contain?
the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus
61
what is the function of the dorsal column medial lemniscus system?
it is involved in perceiving deep touch, vibration, and proprioception.
62
what is the function of the spinocerebellar tract?
-involved in perceiving proprioceptive information muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint capsules to the cerebellum to assist in balance and coordination -contains both the posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts -ascending
63
what is the function of the anterolateral system?
-contains the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts -involved in perceiving light touch, temperature, and pain. The descending tracts are the extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts. -ascending
64
What are the descending tracts?
the extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts
65
What is the function and composition of the extrapyramidal tracts?
-it contains the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, olivospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts, - responsible for the reflexive control of skeletal muscle (e.g., muscle tone, balance, and posture).
66
function of the pyramidal tract
contains the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts, carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain to the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs
67
Golgi tendon organs
A proprioceptor located at the muscle–tendon junction that is sensitive to the amount of force and tension developed in muscle. -specialized sensory nerve ending enclosed in a spindle-like connective tissue capsule
68
muscle spindles
Sensory receptors located within skeletal muscle fibers that is responsive to muscle stretch and changes in muscle length. -have contractile capabilities
69
mechanoreception
the body’s ability to detect and respond to mechanically related sensory stimuli such as touch, sound, and changes in pressure or posture through specialized mechanoreceptors
70
Kinesthesia
the body’s ability to sense movement, action, location, and joint position
71
proprioceptors
mechano-sensory neurons present in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints -joint receptors, golgi tendon organs, and muscle spindles
72
reciprocal innervation
-process of agonist activation/contraction and antagonist inhibition/relaxation (by the spinal cord) -occurs through activation of the proprioceptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs, and provides the basis for the somatic spinal stretch reflex
73
intrafusal fibers
fibers that are encapsulated and lie amidst skeletal muscle (extrafusal) fibers and detect changes in the length of muscles (such as muscle spindles)
74
function of the alpha motor neuron
stimulates the skeletal muscle to contract
75
function of the gamma motor neuron
stimulates the muscle spindle to contract
76
autogenic excitation
-when the alpha motor neuron contracts the skeletal muscle and the gamma motor neuron contracts the muscle spindle -allows for the summative augmentation of muscle force production and thereby provides the basis of the length-tension relationship
77
length-tension relationship
the process where skeletal muscle force production is increased when it occurs from a pre-stretched position, taking advantage of the muscle spindle-induced stretch reflex.
78
What provides the basis for proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and plyometric training.
the length-tension relationship
79
where are the golgi tendon organs located?
muscle-tendon junction of skeletal muscle
80
function of the golgi tendon organ
-operates as a defense mechanism against injury to the muscle due to extreme amounts of tension generated within the muscle during contraction -responds to tension generated within the muscle
81
what happens when the golgi tendon organ is activated?
- the GTO will send information to the spinal cord by an afferent sensory nerve. -In the integrating center of the spinal cord, the alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle in which the Golgi tendon organ is being activated will be inhibited, thereby reducing muscle force production and tension
82
autogenic inhibition
When muscle force production and tension is released in a muscle that has an activated golgi tendon organ because an alpha motor neuron was sent to inhibit the GTO
83
Somatic efferent motor neurons are also referred to as...
alpha motor neurons
84
Somatic efferent motor neurons
myelinated neurons that innervate skeletal muscles causing them to contract
85
function of upper-motor neurons
-leave the primary motor cortex by way of the brain stem and travel down the descending pathways -innervate skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will travel down the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts of the pyramidal tract
86
function of lower-motor neurons
exit the spinal cord by the spinal nerves at the appropriate level for the muscles that are going to be activated for contraction and movement
87
What does exercise do to the somatic nervous system?
exercise training has been shown to increase the neural drive from afferent spinal neurons to muscle fibers because of increased activation of the alpha-motor neuron pool
88
What structure regulates breathing?
the brainstem
89
What structure is the center of coordination and intellectual and nervous system activity in the body?
the brain
90

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