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Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Positive Work

A

Object displacement is in the same direction as the force applied.

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2
Q

Define Mechanical Work

A

Work is equal to:

The amount of force applied to an object and the distance moved by the object.

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3
Q

What is the Formula for calculating Work?

A

Work = Force x Distance (F.s) (joules/Nm)

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4
Q

How do you calculate work if it is applied at an angle?

A

Work = Force x Cos {0} x distance (s)

{0} = the angle between the force vector and the line of displacement

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5
Q

Define Negative Work

A

Object displacement is in the opposite direction to which the force is applied.

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6
Q

Define Net Work

A

Sum of positive and negative work

Can be 0

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7
Q

What is an example of 0 work in the body?

A

Isometric muscle contractions

e.g. muscle length remains unchanged like when you hold a weight with your arms outstretched

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8
Q

Define Power

A

The rate of doing work

The amount of mechanical work done in a given time.

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9
Q

What is the equation for Power?

A

Work/ change in time

Or

Force x distance / Time

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10
Q

What is Power measured in?

A

Watts or Joules/Seconds

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11
Q

How can you use velocity with respect to Power and Force

A

Power = Force x Velocity

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12
Q

Define Inertia

A

Inertia is an objects resistance to change in its state of motion.

Proportional to the body’s mass
Scalar quantity
Symbol – m, units – kg

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13
Q

Define Momentum

A

Momentum is the quantity of motion possessed by an object

Remember velocity has a time component - so how fast something is going.

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14
Q

Describe the relationship between velocity and displacement in terms of graphical representation.

A

Velocity is directly proportional to the gradient of a displacement time graph. Therefore negative displacement = negative velocity.

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15
Q

When resolving forces what is the golden rule?

A

resolve forces only when they are perpendicular to the lever.

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16
Q

What does a clockwise force produce

A

Negative moment

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17
Q

Define Force (inc units)

A

Force is the interaction between two or more objects.

Measured in Newtons (N)

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18
Q

What is Newtons 1st Law of Motion

A

Law of inertia:
An object will remain at rest o continue to move with constant momentum in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by a net external force.

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19
Q

Inertia is a force - True or False

A

False - It is not a force

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20
Q

How do you calculate Angular Momentum?

A

Inertia (m) x Angular Velocity

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21
Q

What is inertia proportional to?

A

A Body’s mass

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22
Q

Define Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Law of Acceleration
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the force causing the change and takes place in the direction of the applied bet force.

Force = Mass x acceleration

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23
Q

Define Pressure

A

Pressure is the measure of the distribution of force over the surface area of contact

P = Force / Area

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24
Q

Describe the 3 different types of loading

A

Tensile (force < —— > )
Compressive - pushing in from both sides >——<
Sheer loading

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25
Define Stress
A normalised measure of load
26
How would you calculate compressive or tensile stress
``` s = F/c.s.a s = sigma F = compressive or tensile load c.s.a = cross sectional area ```
27
How would you calaculate Sheer Stress?
Shear Stress t = F/c.s.a where F= shear load and c.s.a = cross sectional area parallel to load
28
Define Strain
A normalised measure of deformation
29
How would you calculate Compressive or Tensile Strain?
Compressive or Tensile Strain e = dl/L | where L= original length and dl = change in length
30
How would you calculate Sheer Strain?
Shear strain  = dq/q | where q= original angle and dq= change in angle
31
What does Young’s Modulus E = s/e describe?
Elasticity of a given material.
32
What Momentum does a static object have?
None
33
How can you change the momentum of an object?
In order to change the momentum of an object and hence velocity of an object we can either change the magnitude of the force or the time over which it acts. REMEMBER the impulse momentum relationship Ft = m2v2- m1v1
34
Describe the relationship between velocity, displacement and time
Velocity = change in displacement / change in time
35
How would you calculate Net force (ie during a standing vertical jump)
Ground reaction force - Body weight = Net force
36
If to objects collide what will happen to their impulse?
Momentum is always conserved (it cannot be lost) | So will stay the same.
37
Define Energy
The Capacity to do work | Measured in Joules
38
What are the 2 main types of energy studied in this module?
Potential energy and Kinetic energy
39
Define Kinetic energy
Ability of a moving object to do work due to its motion
40
How do we calculate Kinetic energy?
KE = 0.5mv^2 remember you can rearrange this equation to get velocity
41
Define non eccentric force v eccentric force
``` NE = Transnational force E = rotational force - is a force that acts off centre ```
42
Define Moment of Force
Moment of Force: The torque caused by an eccentric force
43
How do you calculate torque ?
Force x Length
44
How do you calculate torque if the force is being applied at an angle?
T= FxLsin{0}
45
What 3 things can manipulate torque?
Change the magnitude of Force applied Change the angle of which the Force is Applied Change the moment arm length
46
Is clockwise rotation positive or negative?
Clockwise = negative | anti clockwise - positive
47
Define Lever
A rigid bar that rotates about an axis/ fulcrum
48
Define First Class Lever
The applied force and resistive force are on opposite sides to the fulcrum *note* they do not need to be equidistant from the fulcrum.
49
Define Second Class Lever
The applied and resistive forces are on the same side of the fulcrum axis The resitive forces are closer to the fulcrum axis
50
Third Class Levers
The applied and resistive force are on the same side of the axis The applied effort force is closer to the fulcrum axis
51
Which type of lever are most muscle bone lever systems for concentric contractions?
Third Class Levers
52
What is leverage?
The mechanical advantage gained by a lever.
53
What is Mechanical advantage?
Moment arm force / moment arm resistance note remember this is a ratio of the forces so you do not need to work out moments - distance have no effect
54
What is a force couple?
Force couple: A pair of equal parallel forces acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation (rotation without translation)
55
Define Angular Inertia.
An Objects resistance to starting to rotate or changing rate of rotation.
56
What is angular inertia a function of?
Body Mass | The distribution of the mass relative to the axis of rotation.
57
Moment of Inertia Formula = | State Units
I = mr^2 (Kg.m2) ``` m = mass of particle r = radius of rotation ```
58
4. Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage MA = 1
then lever alters direction of motion
59
Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage MA < 1
MA < 1 then velocity of movement is greater as effort force acts over smaller distance so resistance force therefore moved over greater distance in same time
60
Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage MA < 1
MA < 1, and the effort arm is less than the resistance arm. In this case, a much greater effort force is required to overcome the resistance force. The effort force acts over a small distance, however, with the result that the resistance force is moved over a much greater distance in the same amount of time When MA < 1, therefore, velocity or speed of movement is said to be magnified.
61
Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage MA > 1
MA > 1 then lever magnifies effort force as greater torque generated by greater effort arm
62
Describe the Impulse Momentum Relationship
The concept that it takes an impulse (force multiplied by time) to change the momentum (mass multiplied by velocity) of an object
63
Define impulse
Force multiplied by time or the area under a | force by time curve.

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