Biomechanics Exam 2 Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
If a muscle is on the anterior side what motion will occur?
A
flexion
2
Q
If a muscle is on the posterior side what motion will occur?
A
extension
3
Q
What is the primary flexor of the elbow?
A
brachialis
4
Q
What is the function of the elbow?
A
assists shoulder in application of force and controlling of hand in space
5
Q
What bone of the elbow is much larger proximally?
A
Ulna
6
Q
What bone of the elbow is much larger distally?
A
Radius
7
Q
What is within the capsule of the elbow but not part of the elbow joint
A
radio-ulnar joint
8
Q
Where two bones meet (articulate)
A
Joints
9
Q
What are the two mechanical functions of Joints?
A
join bones while controlling motion; transfer force between bones
10
Q
What joints are immovable; synarthrodial and joined by fibrous connective tissue
A
Fibrous (sutures and syndesmoses)
11
Q
What joints are slightly moveable; amphiarthrodial and joined by cartilaginous tissue
A
cartilaginous
12
Q
What joints are freely moveable; diarthrodial and joined by ligaments and separated by a joint cavity
A
synovial
13
Q
Six types of Synovial Joints
A
Gliding, Hinge, Ball and Socket, Ellipsoidal, Pivot, Saddle
14
Q
What type of joint has a flat and small articulation
A
Gliding
15
Q
How many degrees of freedom is a gliding joint
A
1 DF
16
Q
What type of joint articulation resembles a pin or cylinder on one bone fitting into a matching shallow trough on the other
A
Pivot
17
Q
How many degrees of freedom is a pivot joint
A
1 DF
18
Q
What type of joint articulation has a round cylinder on one bone fitting into a matching shallow trough on the other
A
Hinge
19
Q
How many degrees of freedom is a hinge joint
A
1 DF
20
Q
What type of joint has a articulation that resembles an ellipse on one bone fitting into an oval depression on the other
A
Ellipsodial
21
Q
How many degrees of freedom is an ellipsoidal joint
A
2 DF
22
Q
What type of joint has an articulation that resembles a pair of saddles at 90 degree angles
A
Saddle
23
Q
How many degrees of freedom is a saddle joint
A
2 DF
24
Q
What type of joint has an articulation that resembles a ball and socket
A
ball and socket
25
How many degrees of freedom is a ball and socket joint
3 DF
26
What has a sleeve like articular capsule that surrounds a joint cavity
synovial joints
27
What reduces friction, increases stability and reduces pressure on the bone ends
synovial joints
28
Tighter bone to bone fit increases what
shear stability; determined by shapes of articulating bones and cartilage support
29
Tensile forces of muscle and ligaments increase what
traction stability; line of pull tends to pull bones together
30
Factor of shape and bony structure
type of joint and structure of bones
31
Factor of ligament arrangements
join bone to bone, check movement at normal limits of joints
32
Factor of muscular contributions
Muscles span. joints, and aid in stability
33
Factor of fascia and skin
if permanently stretched, function changes
34
Factor of atmospheric pressure
negative pressure in a joint forms a vacuum and this suction helps prevent dislocation
35
Frontal Plane
Plane running side to side and anterior and posterior
36
Sagital Plane
Divides body into left and right
37
Longitudinal axis
line running superior to inferior
38
Transverse plane
divides the body into inferior/superior portions
39
Anteroposterior axis
line perpendicular to the frontal plane
40
Transverse Axis
line running left to right
41
What muscle has the ability to raise and control trunk over limbs
gluteus maximus
42
What muscle has the ability to balance on one leg
hip abductors- gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
43
What is the lower limbs connected to each other and the trunk by
pelvic girdle
44
What complex is important to evaluate movement actions of the limbs, pelvis and trunk to understand lower extremity functions
The pelvic and hip complex
45
Movements of the pelvis are described by monitoring the ilium specifically where
anterior superior iliac spine
46
Forward tilting and downward movement of the pelvis; occurs when the hip extends
anterior tilt
47
tilting of the pelvis posteriorly; occurs when the hip flexes
posterior tilt
48
tilting of the pelvis from neutral position to the right or left
lateral tilt
49
What tilt tends to occur naturally when you support your weight on your leg
lateral tilt
50
What tilt allows you to raise your opposite leg enough to swing through during gait; occurs with abduction
lateral tilt
51
rotation of the pelvis defined by the direction in which the anterior aspect of the pelvis moves
pelvic rotation
52
what rotation occurs naturally during unilateral leg movements
pelvic rotation
53
what rotation occurs as the right leg swings forward during gait and the pelvis rotates left
pelvic rotation
54
If the angle of inclination is less than 125 degrees
coxa vara
55
shortening of the limb, increasing the effectiveness of the abductors, reducing the load on the femoral head and increase the load on the femoral neck
coxa vara
56
If the angle of inclination is greater than 125 degrees it is termed
coxa valga
57
Lengthening of the limbs, reducing the effectiveness of the abductors, increase the load on the femoral head and reducing the load on the femoral neck
coxa valga
58
A condition in which the femoral neck leans forward with respect to the rest of the femur; causing leg to rotate internally
femoral anteversion
59
Anteversion
rotated foward
60
Retroversion
rotated backward
61
angle of anteversion
angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane
62
In order to keep the head of the femur within the acetabulum a person must
internally rotate the femur
63
In a closed kinetic chain motion of the pelvis
the elevated side adduction and lowered side abduction
64
In open kinetic chain motion
both sides are free to move; a lateral tilt can substitute for abduction
65
In open kinetic chain in the transverse plane when the pelvis rotates over the femur what happens
the hip on the forward side is laterally rotated, and the hip on the opposite side is medially rotated
66
Extension of the hip tends to what
laterally rotate the femur so medial rotators needed to neutralize this effect
67
Is medial or lateral rotation weaker
medial
68
What is a natural movement in human gait to accommodate pelvic rotation
lateral rotation
69
Largest joint in the body that bears the most weight
knee
70
What type of joint is the knee joint
modified hinge joint- 3 DF
71
Sagital Plane is responsible for what type of movements
flexion and extension
72
Frontal plane is responsible for
ab/adduction
73
Transverse
internal and external rotation
74
Medial articular surfaces has
more force, lower stress
75
Lateral articular surfaces
flatter; matches femur
76
What is the largest sesamoid bone that embedded in patella tendon
patella
77
Two major functions of the patella
reduces friction between tendon and femur; mechanical advantage for the quads
78
The meniscus functions
stabilization, shock absorption, lubrication
79
Meniscus stabilization
deepens tibial plateau
80
Meniscus shock absorption
prevents bone on bone contact
81
removal of meniscus
increases wear; increases risk of degenerative disease
82
lubrication of the meniscus
decreases friction by 20%
83
Lateral meniscus
O shaped; not attached to LCL
84
Medial meniscus
C shaped; attached to MCL
85
LCL and MCL control what
tibial rotation; AP tibial displacement; frontal plane motion
86
ACL controls
anterior motion of tibia; posterior motion of the femur
87
PCL controls
posterior motion of the tibia; anterior motion of the femur
88
What is the mechanical advantage of the quads
without the patella, need 30% more force to rotate the same direction
89
If proximal and distal patellofemoral joint is not equal
anterior knee pain and abnormal tracking
90
Patellar tilt
line through patella and line on condyles
91
sulcus angle
angle of femoral sulcus to epicondlyes
92
In the sagital plane the tibiofemoral joint can experience
hyperextension
93
Tibiofemoral joint in the frontal plane
some degree of varus/valgus
94
Full extension
no transverse motion
95
initial flexion
knee unlocks
96
Q angle
angle quadriceps to patella tendon
97
Increased Q angle means
increased lateral patella force
98
The ankle and the foot perform three main functions
shock absorption as the heel strikes the ground; adapting to the level or uneven ground; providing a stable base of support from which to propel the body foward
99
Uniaxial hinge joints of the foot
dorsiflexion; plantarflexion; center of rotation through malleoli
100
Ankle motion in the sagittal plane
dorsi/plantar flexion
101
Ankle motion in the frontal plane
eversion/inversion
102
Ankle movement in the transverse plane
ab/adduction
103
Pronation occurs in all three planes of the foot; what are the motions
eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion
104
Supination occurs in all three planes; what are the motions
inversion, adduction and plantarflexion
105
During pronation the axes of the midtarsals are parallel which unlocks what
the joint and creates a hyper-mobile foot that can absorb shock
106
During supnation are the axes parallel?
they are not parallel and this joint becomes locked allowing efficient transmission of forces
107
Metatarsophalangeal joints do what motions
flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
108
What is the point of reference for ab/adduction
the 2nd toe
109
IP, PIP, DIP joints do what motions
flexion and extension
110
arches of the foot
medial longitudinal arch; lateral longitudinal arch; transverse arch
111
Arch types
high arches/ pes cavus
flat footed / pes planus
112
High arched, rigid feet make what shock absorbers
poor
113
Flat footed, flexible arches allow
excessive pronation
114
Anterior compartments of the ankle and foot
all 4 muscles are innervated by the same nerve; all 4 muscles perform dorsiflexion as one of their primary actions
115
What are the primary inverters of the leg/foot
tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
116
Extrinsic muscles of ankle and foot
both muscles perform eversion as one of their primary actions
117
Primary evertors of the foot and ankle
peroneus brevis and peroneus longus
118
Posterior compartment of foot and ankle
all muscles of the perform plantarflexion
119
Intrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot
stabilize the foot and support the arches to maintain foot structure
120
Most intrinsic muscles are located where
plantar surface and their primary action is to move the digits of the foot
121
The shoulder is required for our hands to perform what kin of skills
intricate gross/ fine skills
122
What type of joint is the shoulder
modified ball and socket- most mobile joint in the body
123
frontal plane shoulder motion
plane of elevation
124
transverse plan shoulder movement
internal/external rotation
125
What increased ROM of the shoulder
clavicle
126
Basic Joints of the Shoulder
sternoclavicular; acromioclavicular; scapulothoracic; glenohumeral
127
Sternoclavicular Joint is what type of joint
biaxial saddle joint
128
What is the only joint to link axial skeleton in shoulder
sternoclavicualr joint
129
SC joint motions Sagittal
rotation about ML axis; anterior rotation and posterior rotation
130
SC joint motions frontal
rotation about the AP axis; elevation and depression
131
SC joint motions transverse
rotation about the longitudinal axis; protraction and retraction
132
Acromioclavicalr joint
acromion of scapula and lateral aspect of clavicle; very frequently injured
133
AC joint motion sagittal
rotation about ML axis; anterior tilt and posterior tilt
134
AC joint motion frontal
rotation about the AP axis; upward rotation and downward rotation
135
AC joint motion transverse
rotation about the longitudinal axis; internal rotation and external rotation
136
Scapulothoracic joint
scapula and thorax- shoulder girlde; amplifies motion fo GH joint
137
ST joint sagittal
about ML axis; anterior tilt and posterior tilt
138
ST joint frontal
upward rotation and downward rotation
139
ST joint transverse
internal rotation and external rotation
140
Longitudinal axis
elevation and depression
141
Scapular plane
abduction and adduction
142
Glenohumeral joint
humeral head and shallow glenoid fossa of scapula
143
GH joint is what type of joint
modified ball and socket joint designed for mobility and stability
144
GH joint sagittal
rotation about ML axis ; flexion and extension
145
GH joint frontal
rotation about the AP axis; abduction and adduction
146
GH joint transverse
rotation about the longitudinal axis; internal rotation and external rotation
147
Scapular elevation
upward/superior motion; shrugging
148
Scapular depression
downward/infeiror motion ; return to normal postion
149
Scapular protraction
lateral motions; scapula away from spine
150
Scapular retraction
medial motion and scapula towards spine
151
Scapular upward rotation
turn glenoid fossa up; inferior angle superolateral from spine
152
Scapular downward rotation
retunr glenoid fossa to normal position; inferior angle towards spine
153
GH motion
huge mobility, large ROM; poor bony structures; poor ligamentous restraint; scapula/humerus cooperative
154
Motions of of GH include
flexion/extension (sagittal)
ab/adduction (frontal)
horizontal ab/adduction (transverse)
external/internal rotation (transverse)
155
Major functions of the spine
movement, shock absorption, structural support, protects spinal cord
156
Lumbar spine sagittal plane
flexion and extension
157
Lumbar spine frontal plane
side bend
158
Lumbar spine transverse plane
turn
159
Lumbar spine load bearing capabilities
highly vascularized cancellous bone
80-90% compressive load in upright posture
poor load bearing in rotation
160
Purpose of intervertebral discs
shock absorption between segments
161
Transverse/ spinous process
attachment sites for soft tissue
stability across planes of motion
162
What forms the spinal canal
vertebral foramen
163
Intervertebral foramen
passage for nerves
10% increase during flexion
10% decrease during extension
164
What determines how much motion in the lumbar spine
disc joint
165
What determines the direction of motion in the lumbar spine
facet joint
166
What are the major types of spinal ligaments
extra-segmental
segmental
regional
167
How do we know what motion each ligament limits?
identify location of ligament
identify direction of fibers
168
Three major layers of the anterior longitudinal ligament
superficial
intermediate
deep
fibers run parallel to length of spine
169
which direction are ligament fibers strongest
parallel
170
posterior longitudinal ligament
superficial and deep
runs from axis of head to sacrum
fibers run parallel to length of spine
171
Supraspinous ligament
runs from C7 to sacrum
fibers run parallel to length of spine
172
What prevents overall laminae seperation and preserves upright posture and
Ligamentum Flavum
173
What prevents spinal cord compression during extension
Ligamentum Flavum
174
What prevents excess lumbar flexion
interspinous ligament
175
What prevents posterior translation of superior vertebral body
interspinous ligament
176
What prevents excess side bending motion of spine
intertransverse ligament
177
What stifferns the lumbosacral joint
illiolumbar ligament (has 3DF)
178
What is the outer fibrous covering of IVD
annulus fibrosus
179
What is the inner gel-like region of IVD
nucleus pulposus
180
What is the major load bearing structure for the spinal column
IVD
181
What are the deep muscle stabilizers of the L spine
transverseus abdominis and multifidus
182
What happens to the IVD during flexion
nucleus pulposus shifts posterior and anterior vertebral bodies collapse
183
What happens to the IVD during extension
nucleus pulposus shifts anteriorly and posterior vertebral bodies collapse
184
What happens to IVD in side bend
nucleus pulposus shifts contralaterally
vertebral body collapses on side of bend
185
What is the weakest motion of the IVD
rotation
186
What joints of the lumbar spine limit rotations
facet
187
What type of joint is the elbow joint
uniaxial synovial hinge joint
188
What joint is responsible for pronation and supination of the forearm
radioulnar
189
Flexion ____ angle of elbow
decreases
190
Extension _____ angle of elbow
increases
191
Pronation is what type of rotation
internal
192
Supination is what type of rotation
external
193
What ligaments of the elbow resist varus stress
lateral/radial collateral ligament
194
What ligaments of the elbow resists valgus stress
medial/ulnar collateral ligament
195
What is tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
causes pain on the outside of the elbow; extensor tendon inflammation; overuse of wrist extension
196
What is golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)
causes pain on the inside of the elbow; flexor tendon inflammation; overuse of wrist flexion
197
What is Tommy John Surgery
ulnar collateral ligament; overuse of valgus force (throwing)
198
Anterior muscles are used in what motions
flexion and pronation
199
What is monoarticular muscle
muscle that crosses one joint
200
What is biarticular muscle
muscles that cross two joints
201
Example of biarticualr muscle
biceps brachii cross the shoulder and elbow
flexes elbow
flexes the shoulder
202
What is the primary flexor of the elbow
brachialis
203
Is the biceps brachii effective when pronated
NO
204
Flexors are ___ as extensors making us better pullers than pushers
twice as strong
205
What muscle in the forearm has the smallest moment arm and poorest mechanical advantage
brachialis
206
What muscle of the forearm has the largest cross sectional area and longer moment arm
biceps brachii
207
what muscle of the forearm has a smaller cross section area but the longest moment arm and best mechanical advantage
brachioradialis
208
What position interferes with the flexion-producing action of the biceps brachii
pronated forearm
209
Posterior muscles of the forearm produce what motions
extension and supination
210
What muscle has weak flexion of the shoulder joint
coracobrachialis and the long head of biceps brachii
211
The long head of the triceps brachii works on shoulder to preform
extension and adduction
212
Radioulnar muscles do what type of movement
pronation and supination
213
What tolerates load transmission during prehension and closed chain activities
the wrist complex
214
What provides a stable base to generate force for grip and prehension
the wrist complex
215
Movements of the wrist region
flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation
216
What is the wrist joint
radiocarpal
217
What type of joint is the wrist joint
diarthrosis, condyloid, synovial
218
Radial deviation
pinky side stays in place
219
Ulnar deviation
thumb side stays in place
220
What is the anatomical position
standing upright, facing forward, feet aligned with toes, arms hanging straight, palms facing forward with fingers extended
221
Primary motions that occur at the ankle
sagittal: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
frontal: eversion and inversion
transverse: internal and external rotation
222
Primary motions that occur at the knee
sagittal: flexion and extension
frontal; varus and valgus
transverse: internal and external rotation
223
Shoulder motion in the transverse plane
horizontal ab/adduction and internal and external rotation along the longitudinal axis
224
Shoulder motion in the sagittal plane
flexion/extension along ML axis
225
Shoulder motion in the frontal plane
ab/adduction along AP axis
226
Elbow motion in sagittal plane
flexion/ extension along ML axis
227
Forearm motion in transverse plane
supination/pronation along the longitudinal axis
228
Wrist and MCP motion in the sagittal plane
flexion/extension along the ML axis
229
Wrist and MCP motion in the frontal plane
ulnar/ radial deviation in AP axis
230
Knee motion in the sagittal plane
flexion/extension in medial lateral axis
231
Pelvis motion in the sagittal plane
anterior/posterior along ML axis
232
Pelvis motion in the frontal plane
lateral tilt along the ML axis
233
Motion of the pelvis in the transverse plane
rotation along the longitudinal axis
234
Motion of the hip in the sagittal plane
flexion/extension along the ML axis
235
Motion of the hip in the frontal plane
ab/adduction along AP axis
236
Motion of the hip along the transverse plane
horizontal ad/abduction along longitudinal axis- internal rotation
237
Motion of the foot/ankle along the sagittal plane
dorsi/plantarflexion along ML axis
238
Motion of the foot/ankle along frontal plane
in/eversion along AP axis
239
Motion of the foot/ankle along all three axisis
pro/supination along oblique axis
240
Shoulder abduction means what of the shoulder girdle
upward rotation
241
Shoulder adduction means what of the shoulder girdle
downward rotation
242
Shoulder flexion means what of the shoulder girdle
elevation/upward rotation
243
Shoulder extension means what of the shoulder girdle
depression/downward rotation
244
Shoulder internal rotation means what of the shoulder girlde
abduction (protraction)
245
Shoulder external rotation means what of the shoulder girdle
adduction (retraction)
246
Shoulder horizontal abduction means what of the shoulder girdle
adduction (retraction)
247
Shoulder horizontal adduction means what of the shoulder girdle
abduction (protraction)
248
Open kinetic chain example of the ankle
dorsiflexion and plantar-flexion in sagittal plane- tibia and foot can move-
249
Closed kinetic chain example of the ankle
foot is fixed and cannot move, remaining in constant contact with a surface, usually the ground- tibia is coming forward
250
Open kinetic chain of hip
pelvis moves forward
251
Closed kinetic chain of hip
pelvis moves backwards
252
Moment arm is longer torque is?
greater, greater mechanical advantage
253
Moment arm is shorter torque is?
smaller, smaller mechanical advantage
254
Being BIPEDAL means what
helps to put feet one in front of the other
255
Motive force is typically ____ on initial phase and _____ on return phase
muscle; gravity
256
Resistive force is typically ___ on initial phase and ____ on return phase
gravity muscle
257
When the motive force is a muscle and the resistance force is gravity what contraction is occurring
concentric
258
When the motive force is gravity and the resistive force is the muscle what type of contraction is it
eccentric
