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biomechanics > biomechanics exam 2 > Flashcards

biomechanics exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the palatable mid line point, that serves as an attachment site for the ligamentum nuchae and medial portion of the upper trap?

A

external occipital protuberance

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2
Q

what extends laterally from the external occipital protuberance and is the attachment site for several extensor muscles?

A

superior nuchal line

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3
Q

what is the attachment site for semispinalis capitis?

A

inferior nuchal line

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4
Q

what is the hole in the bottom of the skull called?

A

foramen magnum

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5
Q

what are the convex components of the OA joint

A

occipital condyles

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6
Q

what is the 1st subdivision of a vertebrae?

A

body - it is anterior, and is the primary weight bearing portion

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7
Q

what is the 2nd subdivision of a vertebrae?

A

posterior elements - transverse process and spinous process, laminate, and articular processes

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8
Q

function of laminate?

A

protect the posterior aspect of the spinal cord

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9
Q

function of the transverse process?

A

attachment for muscles, ligaments, and ribs

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10
Q

function of spinous process?

A

midline attachment for muscles and ligaments

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11
Q

what is the 3rd subdivision of a vertebrae?

A

pedicles - act as a bridge that connects the body with the posterior elements. also transfers the muscle forces applied to the posterior elements to the discs/body.

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12
Q

large cylindrical mass of bone and acts as the primary weight bearer of each vertebrae

A

vertebral body

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13
Q

thick ring of fibrocartilage located between all vertebral bodies below C2, acts as primary shock absorber

A

intervertebral disc

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14
Q

short and thick dorsal projection of bone from the mid to superior part of the vertebral body, connects the vertebral bodies to the posterior elements of the vertebrae

A

pedicle

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15
Q

cartilaginous joint formed between the superior and inferior surfaces of a intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies, acts as a primary bond between vertebrae

A

intervertebral joints

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16
Q

thin vertical plate of bone connecting base of spinous process to each transverse process, protects the posterior aspect of spinal cord

A

lamina

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17
Q

central canal that houses and protects spinal cord

A

vertebral canal

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18
Q

lateral opening between adjacent vertebrae and passageway for spinal nerve roots to exit the vertebral canal

A

intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

horizontal projection of bone and junction of lamina and pedicle and attachment site for muscles, ligaments, and ribs

A

transverse process

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20
Q

rounded impression formed in the lateral sides of thoracic vertebrae body and attachment sites for head of ribs to form costocarpal joints

A

costal facets of body

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21
Q

oval facets located at the anterior tips of most thoracic vertebrae transverse process and is attachment site for articular tubercle of ribs to form costotransverse joint

A

costal facet of transverse process

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22
Q

dorsal midline projection of bone and midline attachment for muscles and ligaments

A

spinous process

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23
Q

ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum via ____

A

sternocostal joints

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24
Q

ribs 8-10 attachment to the sternum via _____

A

cartilage

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25
Q

cervical and lumbar curve is

A

lordosis

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26
Q

sacrum and thoracic is

A

kyphosis

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27
Q

where should the line of gravity fall in regards to S2, hip joints, knees and ankles, and mastoid process

A

anterior to the S2, posterior to the hip, anterior to knees/ankles, and near mastoid process

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28
Q

what are some factors that might affect the line of gravity?

A
  • fat deposition
  • posture
    -disease
  • muscle endurance and strength
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29
Q

what ligament is 80% elastin and 20% collagen, thickest in the lumbar, has a constant and modest resistance throughout the wide range of flexion, it is explained as the “yellow ligament”

A

ligamentum flavum

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30
Q

what ligament fills space between the adjacent spinous processes and resists flexion?

A

interspinous

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31
Q

what ligament attaches to the tips of the spinous process and resists flexion more strongly due to more collagen?

A

supraspinus

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32
Q

what ligament is the midline attachment for muscles and is a continuation of supraspinous ligament?

A

ligamentum nuchae

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33
Q

what ligament is poorly defined, thin, and mostly taut in contralateral flexion (SB)?

A

intertransverse

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34
Q

what ligament is long, strong, strap like, and covers the entire anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is taut in extension and slacked in flexion?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

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35
Q

what ligament covers the entire posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is taut in flexion and is within the vertebral canal?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

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36
Q

T/F? capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints are a blend of elastin and collagen, slack in neutral, reinforced by the mutlifidi and ligamentum flavum, attaches to the entire rim of the facet surfaces

A

TRUE

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37
Q

the ______ is the amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the LEAST passive resistance from the surrounding tissues and IS INCREASED with injury or weakness of tissues

A

neutral zone

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38
Q

the ______ consists of bony structures, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, and passive musculotendious units. It sends feedback to the neural subsystem about joint position and challenges stability.

A

passive system

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39
Q

the _____ system is composed of muscles and tendons

A

active system

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40
Q

the _____ receives and transmits info from the other two subsystems and help to manage neuromuscular control and manages spinal stability

A

neural subsystem

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41
Q

______ can be viewed from a segmental level and whole spine level and when the neutral zone is larger than normal the spinal segments can become unstable

A

core stability

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42
Q

what are the 3 atypical cervical vertebrates and why?

A
  1. C1 - no body, no lamina, no pedicle, no spinous process
  2. C2 - dens, bifurcated spinous process, broad/palatable
  3. C7 - largest, has large TP and SP
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43
Q

what are the 4 atypical thoracic vertebrae and why?

A
  1. T1 - full costal facet, entire rib, elongated spinous process
  2. T10,T11,T12 - single full costal facet
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44
Q

C3-C4 are uncovertebral joints through C6-C7 are called Joints of Luschka, moved by a technique called _______

A

coupling

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45
Q

the transverse foramina houses the _____ artery

A

vertebral

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46
Q

the three intervertebral functional joint components are

A

transverse and spinous, apophyseal joints, inter body joints

47
Q

how many pairs of apopyseal joints are there?

A

24 pairs

48
Q

what kind of joint is apophyseal?

A

plane joint

49
Q

apophyseal are lined with ______ cartilage, and enclosed with ______ fluid

A

articular ; synovial

50
Q

T/F apophyseal joints are the most frequent in the upper cervical and lumbar and often have sub scapular fat pads

A

TRUE

51
Q

osteokinematics within intervertebral joints moves in ___ cardinal planes and arthokinematics within joints favor approximation, separation, gapping and sliding

A

3

52
Q

what is the nucleus pulpous made out of?

A

pulplike gel

53
Q

why is the nucleus pulpous hydophillic?

A

because of the GAG

54
Q

is the disc + or - charged?

A

it is - charge bc of the charged groups of GAG

55
Q

how many concentric rings of collagen fibers is the annulus fibrosis made out of?

A

15-25 at a degree of 65 vertical

56
Q

annulus fibrosis prevents 3 main forces on the body what are they?

A

distraction, shear, torsion

57
Q

T/F? annulus fibrosis entrap/encase liquid based nucleus

A

TRUE

58
Q

outer layer disc contain only ______ nerves

A

sensory

59
Q

what characteristics of an intervertebral joint is relatively thin (only 5% of the disc height) and is a cartilaginous cap that covers the superior/inferior surface of vertebral bodies?

A

endplates

60
Q

in the vertebral end plates the surface that faces the disc binds directly and strongly to _____ in the annulus

A

collagen

61
Q

in the surface that faces the calcified cartilage it is ______ fixed to the bone

A

weakly

62
Q

in regards to disc generation, reduced permeability in a disc inhibits syntheses of _______ which then creates less water, thus making it weak to ____ and _____ with loads

A

proteoglycans, absorb, and transfer

63
Q

disc generation DOES NOT happen only with aging

A

true

64
Q

what is the cycle for degeneration?

A
  1. matrix and remodel
  2. gag decreased, collagen increased
  3. matrix dehydration
  4. structural/functional matrix failure
  5. impaired nutrition/ altered Biomechanical environments
  6. cell changes cell death/senescene
65
Q

the intervertebral joint is described as a hydrostatic pressure distributor because

A

its a load sharing system in which compressive loads push endplates inward toward the nucleus and the nucleus slowly deforms radially versus the annulus

66
Q

based on the in vivo pressure from a 70 kg subject, which is the higher load to the discs?

A

lifting

67
Q

what happens in sustained and full lumbar extension

A

pressure reduced and allows water to be reabsorbed in the disc

68
Q

what is the phenomenon of diurnal fluctuations of a disc?

A

WB pushes water out of disc, we are taller first thing in the morning

69
Q

what position are the intervertebral foramen most open?

A

flexion

70
Q

whats C1 called?

A

atlas

71
Q

C1 is also called _______ and is _____ on _______, and has ___ degrees of freedom

A

OA joint, convex on concave, 2 degrees of freedom

72
Q

the degrees of freedom for C1 are:

A

flx/ext and sb

73
Q

C2 is called

A

axis

74
Q

C2 is also called _____ and specifically has dens. Due to its pivot joint its main motion is _______ but has another degree of freedom being ______

A

AA joint, rotation, and flx/ext

75
Q

C2 has _____ synovial cavities

A

2

76
Q

C2 has a pair of apopyseal joints

A

TRUE

77
Q

what ligament is strong for horizontal stability and keeps the dens in place

A

transverse ligament

78
Q

what ligament has a tough fibrous cord and runs at the side of the dens to the lateral foramen magnum?

A

alar ligament

79
Q

T/F? C2-C7 facets are like shingles on the roof at a 45 degree angle and had movement in all 3 planes?

A

TRUE

80
Q

in regards to osteokinematics how many degrees of extension does the neck have?

A

120-135 resting
30-35 degrees extension

81
Q

in regards to osteokinematics how many degrees of flexion does the neck have?

A

45-50 with 20-25 coming from the OA/AA joint

82
Q

where do the largest spondylosis injuries happen at?

A

C4-C5, C5-C6

83
Q

in regards to horizontal place osteokinematics how many degrees do we need for vision, hearing, safety?
How many degrees for rotation?
how many degrees of axial rotation?

A

42-48 for vision, hearing and safety
65-75 for rotation
50-60 for axial rotation

84
Q

how many degrees of kyphosis for the thoracic spine is normal?

A

40-45

85
Q

what two things form a spinal nerve root?

A

ventral and dorsal

86
Q

ventral nerve roots are ______ and ______

A

efferent and motor

87
Q

dorsal nerve roots are _____ and ______

A

afferent and sensory

88
Q

spinal nerve root 1 exits between _______

A

C1 posterior arch and occipital bone

89
Q

spinal nerve root 8 exits between ______

A

C7 & T1

90
Q

after a spinal nerve root exits at its respective level it splits into

A

ventral and dorsal ramus

91
Q

ventral ramus form nerves to innervate nerves and muscles in the _____ trunk

A

anterior

92
Q

dorsal ramus form nerves to innervate nerves and muscles in the _____ trunk

A

posterior

93
Q

______ is described as an intermingling of ventral rami

A

plexus

94
Q

_____ plexus has roots C1-C4

A

cervical

95
Q

_____ plexus has roots C5-T1

A

brachial

96
Q

each of the 12 ventral rami in the thoracic form ______ nerves to innervate both an intercostal dermatome and intercostal muscles in the same place

A

intercostal

97
Q

____ contributes to the brachial plexus and the 1st intercostal nerve

A

T1

98
Q

_____ nerves are a single recurrent nerve branch off proximally to the meninges and connective tissues to the IV joint including PLL and ALL

A

recurrent meninges

99
Q

recurrent meningeal branches off to innervate ______-

A

1/3 of the annulus

100
Q

what nerve is formed by C1 and is the primary motor and supplies all the subocciptal muscles

A

subocciptal nerve

101
Q

what nerve is a branch from the posterior root of C3 and provides cutaneous sensation to a small portion of the scalp and C2/C3

A

3rd occipital nerve

102
Q

what is the largest dorsal rami and innervates local muscles

A

C2

103
Q

what nerve is C2/C3 and is the main nerve in the occipital area, is sensory to the scalp region and contributes the CV headaches and migraines
this nerve also pierces and cuts through the semispinalis capitis

A

greater occipital nerve

104
Q

T/F the action of a muscle in the axial skeleton depends on the degree of fixation and stabilization of the attachments of the muscle

A

TRUE

105
Q

bilateral activation usually produces pure ____ and _____

A

flexion and extension

106
Q

T/F unilateral activation tends to produce flexion and extension with a combination of side bending and ipsilateral or contralateral rotation

A

true

107
Q

name ALL the erector spine muscles that are superficial

A
  1. iliocostalis thoracics
  2. iliocostalis cervicics
  3. longissiumus thoracic
  4. longissimus capitis
  5. longissimus cervicis
  6. spinalis thoracics
  7. spinalis cervicics
  8. spinalis capitis
108
Q

name the transverspinalis (intermediate) muscles and the short segment (deep muscles)

A
  1. semispinalis thoracics
  2. semispinalis cervicis
  3. semispinalis capitis
  4. multifidi
  5. rotators
    short segment
  6. interspinalis
  7. intertransverse
109
Q

origin and insertion for SCM

A

origin- manubrium and clavicle
insertion - mastoid process
innervation - CN 6 abducens
action - SB, contralateral rotation and flexion

110
Q

origin and insertion for scalenes

A

origin- 1st rib
insertion - TP of C3-C6
action - lift 1st rib and ipsilateral SB

111
Q

what plexus runs between SCM and scalenes?

A

brachial between anterior and middle

112
Q

what is the main role of the Longus capitis and Longus coli?

A

vertical stability

113
Q

where are the splenius capitis and cervicis location and what “pull” do they have on the cervical vertebrae?

A

unilateral - SB and Ipsilateral RT
bilateral - ext upper craniovertebral joint
deep to the trap muscles

114
Q

what musculature gets strained in forward head posture or restraining motion (aka car accident)

A

semispinalis capitis, scm, ant scalenes, levator scap, RCPmajor

biomechanics (1 decks)

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