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Pe > Biomechanics(paper 1) > Flashcards

Biomechanics(paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

calculation for velocity

A

Displacment divided by time taken

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2
Q

calculation for momentum

A

mass times velocity

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3
Q

acceleration calculation

A

(final velocity-initial velocity) divided by time taken

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4
Q

Force calculation

A

Mass times acceleration

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5
Q

5 effects of force

A

-can create motion
-can accelerate an object
-can decelerate an object
-can change the shape of a body
-can change direction of a body

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6
Q

what is the definition of net force

A

sum of all the forces acting on the body

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7
Q

what are the 2 vertical and 2 horizontal forces

A

vertical
-weight and reaction
-air resistance and friction

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8
Q

What is Newton’s first law

A

Law of inertia body will remain stationary unless a external force is applied to it

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9
Q

What is newtons 2nd law

A

Law of acceleration a body will only move if a external force is applied to it this object will continue at the same velocity that the external force is applied to it unless another external force acts on the body the body will move in the direction and at the rate the force is applied to

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10
Q

What is Newton’s third law

A

Law of reaction for every action their is a equal and opposite reaction exerted back on the force applied

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11
Q

What is inertia

A

Ability to move a body

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12
Q

3ways of increasing friction

A

Increase roughness or surface
Temperature of surface
Force applied

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13
Q

2 advantages and disadvantage of limb kinematic

A

Adv
Prevent injuries
Enhance performance
Beneficial to every sport

Dis
Hard to access
Elite performers only

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14
Q

2 adv and disadv of wind tunnels

A

Adv
Reliable
Used to reduce air resistance and develope technology

Dis
Exspensive
Hard to access

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15
Q

Reliability definition

A

The extent the which a exsperiment,test or measuring procedure gives the same results after multiple trials

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16
Q

Validity definition

A

How well a test measure what it claims to measure

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17
Q

Definition is of centre of mass

A

The point where all forces are balanced

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18
Q

Stability definition

A

The ability for a body to resist motion and remain at rest

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19
Q

What is a Turning force

A

As joints work on a angular basis and the fulcrum becomes a axis of rotation,we can calculate the turning force of the effort or load about the fulcrum

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20
Q

How to calculate moment of force

A

Force times perpendicular distance of the force from the fulcrum

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21
Q

What is linear motion

A

Is a movement performed in a straight or curved line where all parts move the same distance

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22
Q

What is a angular motion

A

Approaching the movement in a way which means it curves

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23
Q

What is general motion

A

A combination of linear and angular movement

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24
Q

what is velocity

A

rate of change in displacement

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25
Q

what is the calculation for velocity

A

displacment/time in m/s

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26
Q

what is the calculation for momentum

A

mass x velocity in kgm/s

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27
Q

what is the calculation for acceleration

A

(final velocity-initial velocity)/time taken in m/s/s

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28
Q

what is the calculation for force

A

mass x acceleration in newtons

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29
Q

what is net force

A

sum of all forces acting on a body

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30
Q

what is streamlining

A

the creation of airflow around a aerodynamic shape.

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31
Q

what is limb kinematics and some features

A

used to develop equipment and anaylse technique
expensive
hard to access
elite performers only

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32
Q

what is force plates and some features

A

assesses size and direction of forces
used for gait analysis
analyze performance
develop technique

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33
Q

what are wind tunnels and some features

A

develop aerodynamics
technology and equipment
very expensive
hard to access

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34
Q

what is reliability

A

the extent to which a test gives the same results after multiple trials

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35
Q

what is validity

A

how well a test measures what it claims to measure

36
Q

what is center of mass

A

the point in the body in which all forces are balanced

37
Q

explain the fosbury flop technique

A

uses j curve to allow greater velocity in approach
arching back moves com outside the body and below the bar
less force required to clear heights due to not needing to propel com over bar .
greater heights can be achieved

38
Q

what is stability

A

bodys ability to resist motion and remain at rest

39
Q

what 4 factors affect stability

A

mass of body-higher mass=higher moment of inertia
height of com-lower com the greater the stability
base of support-greater size of base of support the stability. This can be done by increasing points of contact
line of gravity-the more central the line of gravity is to the base of support the greater the stability

40
Q

what is a mechanical advantage

A

second class lever system where effort arm is longer than load arm so a large load can be moved with small effort
eg=take of in high jump

41
Q

what is a mechanical disadvantage

A

third class lever system where load arm is greater than the effort arm so more effort is required to move a relatively small load
eg a bicep curl

42
Q

what is a direct force

A

a force applied through the center of mass resulting in linear motion

43
Q

what is distance

A

total length from start to finish in metres

44
Q

what is displacement

A

shortest straight line route from start to finish in meters
eg 400m run = 0 displacement

45
Q

what is speed

A

rate of change in distance

46
Q

what is deceleration

A

negative rate of change in velocity

47
Q

what is angular motion

A

movement of a body or part of body around a axis of rotation in a circular path

48
Q

what cause angular motion

A

torque or eccentric force

49
Q

what is principle axis of rotation

A

an imaginary line that passes through the center of mass about which a body rotates around

50
Q

what force creates linear motion

A

direct force which passes through com

51
Q

what force creates angular motion

A

eccentric force outside com

52
Q

what sporting example is longtitudinal axis

A

head to toe-full turn in trampolining

53
Q

what sporting example is transverse axis

A

left to right-somersault

54
Q

what sporting example is frontal axis

A

front to back-cartwheel

55
Q

what is a rad

A

measures angle in which a body rotates

56
Q

what is 1 rad

A

57.3 degrees

57
Q

what is angular velocity

A

rate in change of angular displacement measures in radians(rate of spin)

58
Q

how can moment of inertia be calculated

A

sum of(mass x distribution of mass from the axis of rotation

59
Q

what to factors influence moment of inertia

A

mass
distribution of mass

60
Q

what is angular momentum

A

the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body

61
Q

how is angular momentum calculated

A

moment of inertia x angular velocity in kgm2 rad/s

62
Q

how does a gymnast begin their rotation in a somersault

A

eccentric force applied by pushing off ground

63
Q

what is the angular analogue of newtons first law of motion

A

the angular equivalent of newtons first law of motion which states a body will continue to rotate around its axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted on by a external torque

64
Q

what is drag

A

force that opposes the direction of motion of a body in water

65
Q

what is a aerofoil

A

streamline shape with curved upper surface and flat lower surface designed to give a body additional lift force

66
Q

what 4 factors affect the magnitude of AR and drag

A

velocity-greater the velocity the greater the AR and drag-eg-lights bikes in cycling

Frontal cross sectional area-Large the cross sectional area the larger the AR and drag eg-low crouched skiers to increase speed

Streamlining and shape-More streamline the less AR and drag due to creating a smooth airflow around a body.(aerofoil shape) eg-cyclists helmets

surface characteristics-smooth the surface the lower AR and drag -swimmers shaving hair ad wearing licra hats

67
Q

what is projectile motion

A

movement of a body through air following a curved flight under the force of gravity

68
Q

what is a projectile

A

a body that is launched into the air losing contact with ground surface such as long jump.

69
Q

what 4 factors can effect projectile motion

A

speed of release-Newtons 2nd law of motion-quicker speed of release the greater horizontal distance achieved

angle of release-45 degree optimal and greatest horizontal distance

height of release-significant in shot and javelin due to optimum angle of release being below 45 degrees

70
Q

what is a parabolic flight path

A

symmetrical flight path due to weight being dominant-eg shotput

71
Q

what is a non parabolic flight path

A

asymmetrical flight path due to AR being dominant-eg shuttlecock

72
Q

what is resultant force

A

sum of all forces acting on a projectile

73
Q

what is Bernoulli’s principle

A

creation of a lift force on a projectile resulting in a flight which has a increase horizontal distance due to longer flight time

74
Q

what is lift force

A

an additional force created by a pressure gradient forming due on opposite surfaces of an aerofoil

75
Q

what is angle of attack

A

most favorable angle of release for a projectile to optimize lift force due to Bernoullis lift principle

76
Q

within a aerofoil shape how is a pressure gradient formed

A

high velocity on top of a aerofoil shape creating low pressure with the bottom having a low velocity and high pressure meaning high pressure air wants to move move high to low creating upwards lift

77
Q

how is downwards lift force used in f1 cars

A

front win funnels air down underneath the car meaning there is a high velocity and low pressure below the car and a low velocity and high pressure above the car. Car acts as a reverse aerofoil.
Pressure gradient forms and gives additional downwards lift which pins the car to the surface and increases friction around the cornes.

78
Q

what is magnus effect

A

creation of an additional magnus force on a spinning projectile which causes it to deviate from its flightpath.

79
Q

what is magnus force

A

a force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air

80
Q

what is a hook

A

type of sidespin used to deviate a projectiles flight path to the left
Lower velocity and higher pressure on side which is rotating which causes direction of motion due to movement of air from high to low pressure

81
Q

what is a slice

A

type of sidespin used to deviate a projectiles flight path to the right

Lower velocity and higher pressure on side which is rotating which causes direction of motion due to movement of air from high to low pressure

82
Q

what is topspin

A

rotation which causes downwards magnus force shortening the flight path

83
Q

what is backspin

A

rotation which causes upwards magnus force lengthening the flight path

84
Q

how is spin created

A

applying a external force outside com-eg golf shots

85
Q
A

Pe (10 decks)

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