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Biomechanics week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the functional organization of skeletal muscle starting at the smallest.

A

sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, skeletle muscle

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2
Q

what makes up sarcomere?

A

thick and thin filaments

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3
Q

What makes up myofibril?

A

a bunch of sarcomeres surrounded by a sarcoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What maks up muscle fiber?

A

it?s a bunch of myofibrils (many sarcomeres) surrounded by endomysium

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5
Q

What makes up muscle fascicle?

A

bundle of many muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

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6
Q

What make up a skeletle muscle?

A

bundle of muscle fascicles surrounded by epimysium

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7
Q

What does perimysium surround?

A

muscle fascicle

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8
Q

what does endomysium surround?

A

muscle fiber

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9
Q

what does epimysium surround?

A

the muscle

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10
Q

list the 5 basic components of the neuromuscular junciton

A

motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

place where axon and muscle fiber connect, muscle fiber is surrounded by endomysium

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12
Q

what is released at neuromuscular junction to generate muscle contraction?

A

Ach, acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles

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13
Q

How is muscle allowed to relax after contraction?

A

enzyme acetycholineresterase breaks down the acetylcholine

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14
Q

What metal is necessary for contraction?

A

Calcium, helps open the motor units to cross bridge formation

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15
Q

what is the motor unit?

A

the functional connection between nervous and muscular system consisting of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls (could be more than one)

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16
Q

How many muscle fibers can be innervated by one neuron?

A

several

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17
Q

How many motor neurons can innervate a single muscle fiber?

A

many neurons can act on a single fiber, they may all have different purpose

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18
Q

Fine motor control?

A

about 20 muscle fibers per neuron

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19
Q

Strength control?

A

about 1000 muscle fibers per neuron

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20
Q

What is muscle twitch?

A

single brief stimulus to a muscle that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation lasting less than 1/10 second

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21
Q

can a muscle twitch do work?

A

no, its to small to do usefull work

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22
Q

Treppe is what?

A

relaxation that is complete before next stimulus of muscle, but each contraction is a bit stronger than before.

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23
Q

What is wave summation?

A

Temporal summation, where second stumulus is applied before relaxation is complete so that the next contraction is greater than if it was treppe

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24
Q

Tetanus is what?

A

Higher frequency of stimulaiton, the relaxation between contractions is reduced.

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25
what is incomplete tetanus?
Can produce peak tension during rapidly alternating cycles of contraction and partial relaxation
26
Complete tetanus is what?
sustained maximal contraction at peak tension
27
What tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction?
complete tetanus
28
What are the three phases of twitch?
latent, immediately after contraction, contraction where tension is increasing, and relaxation where tension is decreasing
29
what frequency of stimuli can cause treppe?
10-20 stinuli/sec, after a few they hit aplateau that they do not rise above
30
what is the frequency of wave summation?
20-40 stimuli/second, with each one arriving before the previous twitch is finnished
31
During what tetanus, do muscle fibers partially relax between contractions?
incomplete tetanus
32
what tetanus occurs at max frequency with no relaxation between contractions.?
conplete tetanus at 40-50 stimul a second
33
Rate muscle respones in order of force of contractions and rate of stimuli
single twitch, treppe, wave summation, incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus
34
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
sensory motor interneuron
35
What type of neuron is sensory?
afferent - impulses go from receptors to the CNS
36
What type of neuron is motor?
efferent - impulses go from CNS to effector sites: glands, muscles organs
37
What is an interneuron?
transmit impulses from neuron to neuron
38
What are the three type of nerve fibers?
A, B, and C nerve fibers, with A fibers further divided into subtypes
39
what are the fastest nerve fiber types?
the A fibers, they are myleinated
40
What are the 4 subtypes of the mylenated A fibers?
``` Speed from fastest to slowest: A-alpha, A beta, A gamma, A delta, ```
41
Where would A-alpha fibers be found?
efferent motor neurons and muscle spindel afferents.
42
What fibers have the largest diameter?
- Its counter intuitive but the fibers with the larges diameters are the fastest - A alpha fibers are fastest, 100m/s
43
what fiber detect skin temp and pain or noxious stimuli?
The slowest A fibers: | A delta fibers, at 15m sec
44
What fiber are motor efferent to the muscle spindle?
A gamma, at 20 ms
45
What does the A beta fiber do?
Afferent mechanoreceptors at 50 m/s - touch - pressure
46
what are B fibers used for?
sympathetic: | - preganglionic fibers,
47
what types of nerve fibers are mylenated?
the two fastest fibers, both A and B fibers, C fibers are super slow and unmyleinated
48
Where are C fibers found?
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers: - pain, - burning - and aching, - itching .
49
How does the Type I - IV nerves types line up?
``` They are in order of largest and fastest to the slowest: Type 1 -Aa, Type II - Ab, Type III- A gamma Type IV- C, the slow unmylenated ```
50
what are the 5 basic components of the spinal cord reflex arc?
``` sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ ```
51
what is the point of the basic functional unit of the nervous system, the reflex arc?
automatic response to stimulus without conscious thought, save time because the brain isn't required to be involved
52
Proprioception?
sense of positon and movement of body without using visuon
53
what are the three mechanoreceptior that detect proprioception?
muscle spindle receptors, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors.
54
what are muscle spindle fibers made of?
modified muscle fibers enclosed in capsule called intrafusal muscle.
55
what is extrafusal muscle fiber?
voluntary skeletal muscle
56
what would a spindle fiber detect?
Two things: - Rate of muscle fibers are stretched - Length of muscle stretch
57
what are the two types of intrafusal fibers?
Nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers
58
What is the nuclear bag in the centeral part of fiber sensitive to with its striated contractile parts?
Nuclear bag: sudden rate of change in muscle length
59
what neuron type sends input to nuclear bag fibers?
gamma motor neurons go to Nuclear bag of muscle spindle fiber
60
Where are chain fibers located?
spread chain like in center of fiber and attached to the ends of the nuclear bag
61
what are chain fibers sensitive to?
Chain fibers of muscle spindle are sensitive to steady changes of length of the muscle
62
what is the nuclear chain or bag fibers of the spindle sensitive to?
Bag - sudden changes, | Chain - steady changes
63
is ther a non contractile region of the muscle spindle receptor?
Yes, the center part, wraped in sensory nerve that sends info to CNS
64
what are the type of sensory nerve endings of spindle receptor?
Primary ending - Type I Aa | Secondary ending type II Ab
65
which sensory nerve ending of spindle responds to overall length of muscle fiber?
Secondary type II, A-beta responds to overall length change of muscle fiber
66
What does primary ending type I A spindle respond to?
Primary Type I is sensitive to rate ofchange in fiber length
67
If the center of the spindle is wrapped in type IA and type II neruons, what neruons send info to spindle and where?
Gamma motor neurons, coming in to the muscle, slowest of the fast ones nerves, at the ends of the spindle fibers, give message to contract
68
Why is spindle importaint?
helps us keep balance contracting extrafusal muscles without us thinking about it when necessary
69
Is the spindle always set the same or can it change?
Gamma motor neurons let brain preset the sensitivity of spindle to stretch.
70
What part of brain controls the stretch response of spindle fibers?
Cerebellum controls stretch response to spindle fibers,, | - it regulates muscle tone
71
Where is a golgi tendon organ located?
Located at junction of tendon and muscle its the encapsulated nerve endings
72
what does golgi tendon organ detect?
- force of muscle contraction, - tendon tension, an - prevent contraction of muscle,
73
What does golgi play role in?
- muscle tone imbalance, - muscle spasms, and - tender points
74
What type of innervation for Golgi?
Sensory only | - Type IB
75
what does golgi detect?
- Tendon tension | - rate of change
76
What does the dynamic response respond to?
dynamic response responds to quick stretch
77
What does the static response respond to?
Postural changes: | -Static response responds to sustained or gradual increase in tension
78
What proprioceptors cause involuntary muscular relaxation?
golgi tenton organs cause involuntary relaxation
79
Where is spindle located?
Spindle is inn muscle fiber while golgi in in tendon
80
Type of innervation for spindle?
sensory and motor while golgi only has sensory
81
Spindle detects?
muscle length and rate change
82
What proprioceptors cause involuntary muscle contraction
spindle fibers. can cause involuntary muscle contraction while Golgi causes involuntary muscle relaxation
83
What are the 4 types of joint kinesthetic receptors?
Small Ruffini, Pacini, Large Ruffini, Free nerve endings
84
Where would small ruffini be located, 3 places
- Fibrous capsule of synovial membrane - capsular/cruciate ligaments and - knee menisci
85
Where would pacini receptors be located 5 places
``` Fibrous capsule, ligaments, knee menisci, adipose tissue, annulus fibrosis cervical discs ```
86
Large Ruffini is what?
golgi tendon organ so its in the tendons
87
Where are large ruffini located?
ligaments, Capsular between fibrous and synovial layers, menisci, and cervical discs
88
Where are free nerve endings found?
``` Free nerve endings, respond to rapid and sustained pressure: capsule, fat pads, ligaments and menisci ```
89
What are joint kinesthetic receptors?
encapsulated and free nerve endings and stretch receptors
90
What do joint kinesthetic receptors detect?
``` direction, acceleration, pressure, strain, postural change, skin receptor input ```
91
What three reflexes do proprioceptors use to affect tone?
quick stretch, reciprocal inhibition, autogenic inhibition
92
Quick stretch reflex uses what proproceptor?
- muscle spindal- Monosynaptic, | - sensory neuron, then to alpha motor neuron, then to muscle
93
What is the action of the quick stretch reflex?
Contraction of stretched muscle
94
Proprioceptor of Recipical inhibition?
Muscle spindles, same as is used for quick stretch reflex
95
What is the response for Recipical inhibition?
Inhibits muscle (relaxes) that is opposite of the one being contracted.
96
Path of recipical inhibition
- stretch muscle, - spindel afferent neruron to Spinal cord, - inhibitory interneuron to relax antagonist
97
Autogenic inhibition uses what proprioceptor?
golgi tendon organ is used for autogenic inhibition.
98
Response for autogenic inhibition is what?
Inhibitory response in mucle that is too tense either via shortening or lengthing muscle
99
Sequence for Autogenic inhibiton
- Stretch golgi, - Type IB afferent , - Inhibitory neuron relax agonist, - Excitatory interneuron conract antagonist.

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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