BIOMED

Question 1

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Answer 1

Involuntary control of internal organs and glands

Question 2

Which of the following structures is part of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 2

Spinal cord

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the concept of neuroplasticity?

Answer 3

The brain’s capacity to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections

Question 4

When did the modern human brain, as we know it, emerge?

Answer 4

200,000 years ago

Question 5

In brain development, which of the following structures develops from the telencephalon?

Answer 5

Cerebrum

Question 6

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Answer 6

Maintenance of balance and coordination of motor skills

Question 7

What is the role of the thalamus in the brain?

Answer 7

It processes sensory input and directs it to higher brain centers

Question 8

Phineas Gage’s case demonstrated the relationship between which two factors?

Answer 8

Frontal brain injury and personality change

Question 9

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating homeostasis?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus

Question 10

The medulla oblongata is primarily involved in:

Answer 10

Controlling basic autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing

Question 11

The cerebrum is responsible for:

Answer 11

Higher-level thought processes and voluntary actions

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a neurodegenerative disorder?

Answer 12

Parkinson’s disease

Question 13

The study by Shapson-Coe et al. (2024) revealed the presence of:

Answer 13

A new class of directionally oriented neurons

Question 14

Which structure in the brain processes sensory input such as vision, smell, and hearing?

Answer 14

Midbrain

Question 15

The cerebellum is crucial for:

Answer 15

Hand-eye coordination and motor control

Question 16

What is the primary role of the frontal lobe?

Answer 16

Executive function and motor control

Question 17

What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 17

Corpus callosum

Question 18

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for ‘fight or flight’ responses?

Answer 18

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 19

Which statement best describes white matter in the nervous system?

Answer 19

It is composed of myelinated axons that form tracts

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 20

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 21

In which part of a neuron are signals received from other neurons?

Answer 21

Dendrites

Question 22

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Answer 22

Provide structural, metabolic, and protective support to neurons

Question 23

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately:

Answer 23

–70 mV

Question 24

Which ion primarily influences the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Answer 24

Potassium (K⁺)

Question 25

What is the correct sequence of events during an action potential?

Answer 25

Resting potential → Depolarization → Repolarization → Hyperpolarization

Question 26

The refractory period during an action potential refers to:

Answer 26

The period during which the neuron is unable to generate another action potential

Question 27

Which best describes the function of the sodium-potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) ATPase pump?

Answer 27

It restores resting membrane potential by pumping Na⁺ out and K⁺ in

Question 28

The conduction of an action potential in myelinated axons is faster because of:

Answer 28

Saltatory conduction at Nodes of Ranvier

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation?

Answer 29

Serotonin

Question 30

Ionotropic receptors are characterized by:

Answer 30

Fast, direct response via ligand-gated ion channels

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of Bell’s Palsy?

Answer 31

It causes facial paralysis due to dysfunction of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 32

What is the primary difference between Bell’s Palsy and a stroke?

Answer 32

A stroke often retains forehead movement, whereas Bell’s Palsy does not

Question 33

Which infection is typically associated with meningitis?

Answer 33

Neisseria meningitidis (bacterial)

Question 34

Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of meningitis?

Answer 34

High fever and stiff neck

Question 35

Which autoimmune response is associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Answer 35

T-cells and macrophages damage myelin

Question 36

Reactive gliosis is most commonly observed in which conditions?

Answer 36

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Stroke

Question 37

What best describes the role of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in stroke?

Answer 37

It involves interactions between neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, which are disrupted in stroke

Question 38

Which of the following is a common risk factor for stroke?

Answer 38

Hypertension

Question 39

In ischemic stroke, the most common cause is:

Answer 39

Obstruction of a cerebral artery by a blood clot

Question 40

What is the primary treatment for an ischemic stroke?

Answer 40

Administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve clots

Question 41

Hemorrhagic strokes are more likely to be fatal than ischemic strokes because:

Answer 41

They involve bleeding in the brain, which leads to increased pressure and damage

Question 42

What is the function of the GFAP biomarker in neurological disorders?

Answer 42

It identifies reactive gliosis in response to CNS injury

Question 43

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is considered a warning sign for:

Answer 43

Future strokes

Question 44

Which stroke subtype is caused by a blood clot traveling from another part of the body?

Answer 44

Embolic stroke

Question 45

The von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a biomarker of vascular damage found in the brains of individuals with which condition?

Answer 45

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)