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Informatics Lec > Biomedical Literature > Flashcards

Biomedical Literature Flashcards

1
Q

BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE FOR DRUG INFORMATION:
Pharmacists must have skills of what

A

locating, critically analyzing, and effectively communicating drug information

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2
Q

TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE

A

Books and e-books
Conferences
3. Papers/posters
4. News/media
5. Journal articles
6. Government documents
7. Grey literature

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3
Q

consist of journals and other periodicals wherein medical and clinical studies are published.
They are usually disseminated in a wide variety of formats

A

Biomedical literature

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4
Q

BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE EVALUATIONS

A

1.Literature Evaluation
2. Importance of Literature
3.Evaluation to the Pharmacy Practice
4.Consort (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials)
5. Study designs

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5
Q

Importance of Literature Evaluation to the Pharmacy Practice

A

Continuing education.
2. Critically appraise or evaluate chemical studies.
3. Develop skills in literature evaluation.
4. Allows pharmacists to recognize which studies are important, reliable and deserve attention.

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6
Q

Used in other fields of pharmacy practice such as:
•

A

Solving therapeutic dilemmas.
• Patient counselling and information interpretation.
• Other health care professionals contact pharmacists for opinions.
• Decisions on drug policy management.

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7
Q

Provide standards, checklists, content suggestions
for authors to use when submitting manuscripts and medical journals

A

CONSORT

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8
Q

Consort (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) journals

A

British Medical Journal
2. JAMA (Journal Of American Medical Association)
3. Lancet
4. Annals of Internal Medicine
5. STARDS (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy)

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9
Q

Clinical Studies

A

a. N-of-1 Study
b. Stability or In-Vitro Study
c. Bioequivalence Study
d. Programmatic Research

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10
Q

Determine cause and effect relationship

A

Clinical Studies

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11
Q

watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period
and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor/s.

A

Prospective study

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12
Q

series of double blind, randomised “n of 1” controlled trials was performed.

A

N-of-1 study

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13
Q

Evaluate and determine the stability of drugs in various preparations under various conditions

A

Stability or In-Vitro Study

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14
Q

Assess the bioequivalence of two or more products

A

Bioequivalence Study

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15
Q

administered at the same dose by the same
route and under the same experimental conditions

A

Bioequivalence

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16
Q

Determine the impact of economic value of programs and services provided by pharmacists in
community and institutional settings

A

Programmatic speech

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17
Q

• Study the incidence, distribution and relationships of sociological and psychological variables through the
use of questionnaires applied to various populations

A

Survey Research

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18
Q

Evaluate use and adverse effects associated with newly-approved drug therapies

A

Post-Marketing Surveillance

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19
Q

Review articles, analyze, assess and evaluate previously conducted research studies

A

Overview

20
Q

“General Overview”
Nonsystematic
Subjective summary of data
from multiple studies

A

Narrative review

21
Q

Depend on feelings, experience and opinions of the patient

A

Subjective

22
Q

Systematic

Qualitative and objective
summary of data from multiple
studies where the results are not
statistically combined

A

Qualitative

23
Q

Depend on laboratory result other result and physician observation

A

Objective

24
Q

Follows the plan

A

qualitative

25
Q

Meta analyses

Systematic

Results of conducted clinical trials are combined, statistically evaluated and summarized

A

Quantitative

26
Q

Type of medical studies

A

Explanatory and descriptive

27
Q

Typea of explanatory

A

Observation and experimental

28
Q

Types of descriptive

A

Case report And case series

29
Q

Used to document and communicate experiences
o Investigator simply records data from observations made and draws conclusions as to possible
reasons for the events witnessed
o Describe unusual or new events

A

Descriptive

30
Q

Based on the observations of individual patients
- Describe and adverse event following the use of a particular drug or group of drugs or to
report a possible DI
- Frequently generate hypotheses to serve as the basis for more rigorous studies

A

Case report

31
Q

Document observations from a group or series of patients
- Used to examine the prior histories of patients with the same outcome in hopes of identify
a possible cause and effect relationship
- Useful for estimating the incidence of an adverse event of a newly marketed drug when
there is a limited information available about the particular event
- Used to help ensure that a certain adverse event is not associated with the use of a drug

A

Case series

32
Q

More rigorous design to identify answers to questions that arise in clinical medicine
o Employed to determine the efficacy of medications or identify whether there is a true relationship
between the use of a drug and the occurrence of an outcome

A

Explanatory

33
Q

Observational
- Investigators:

A

Bystanders

34
Q

Does not conduct research

A

Observational

35
Q

Examine the natural course of health events, gather data about the subjects included and
classify & sort the data
- Conducted when it is unethical or impossible to perform clinical studies

A

Observational

36
Q

“Trohoc Study”

A

Case control

37
Q

Cohort Study other name

A

“Follow- up study”

38
Q

Determines association between disease states and exposure to various risk
factors
- Participants with a particular characteristic are compared to a similar group of
participants without the characteristic to determine the risk factors associated
with the development of that characteristic

A

Case control

39
Q

Determine the association between various factors and disease state
development

A

Cohort

40
Q

A group of subject already exposed to a certain factor are compared to an
unexposed group of subject and followed prospectively
- Development of a disease state of interest is observed during the study period

A

Cohort study

41
Q

“Prevalence Study”

A

Cross sectional

42
Q

Identifies prevalence of characteristics of diseases in populations, can be thought
of as a “snapshot” because data is collected and evaluated at a single point in
time even if the observations may cover a period of several months/years
- Surveys that evaluate opinions/situations at a fixed point in time and studies
focused on description, diagnosis and mechanisms of disease states

A

Cross sectional

43
Q

Prospective trials in which an attempt to regulate the variables in a study occurs on the
part of the investigators
- Allows the investigator to help account for the possible influence that other outside factors
could have on a study’s outcomes independent of the drug being evaluated

A

Experimental

44
Q

Using chance to divide people into groups means
that the groups will be similar and that the effects of the
treatments they receive can be compared more fairly.
- Reduces bias

A

Randomized Clinical Trial

45
Q

process of assigning
patients by chance to groups that receive different
treatments. In the simplest trial design, the investigational
group receives the new treatment and the control group
receives standard therapy. At several points during and at the
end of the clinical trial, researchers compare the groups to
see which treatment is more effective or has fewer side
effects.

A

Clinical Trial Randomization

46
Q

Inhibit psychological response

A

Reduce Bias

Informatics Lec (2 decks)

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