Biomedical Literature

Question 1

BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE FOR DRUG INFORMATION:
Pharmacists must have skills of what

Answer 1

locating, critically analyzing, and effectively communicating drug information

Question 2

TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE

Answer 2

Books and e-books
Conferences
3. Papers/posters
4. News/media
5. Journal articles
6. Government documents
7. Grey literature

Question 3

consist of journals and other periodicals wherein medical and clinical studies are published.
They are usually disseminated in a wide variety of formats

Answer 3

Biomedical literature

Question 4

BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE EVALUATIONS

Answer 4

1.Literature Evaluation
2. Importance of Literature
3.Evaluation to the Pharmacy Practice
4.Consort (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials)
5. Study designs

Question 5

Importance of Literature Evaluation to the Pharmacy Practice

Answer 5

Continuing education.
2. Critically appraise or evaluate chemical studies.
3. Develop skills in literature evaluation.
4. Allows pharmacists to recognize which studies are important, reliable and deserve attention.

Question 6

Used in other fields of pharmacy practice such as:
•

Answer 6

Solving therapeutic dilemmas.
• Patient counselling and information interpretation.
• Other health care professionals contact pharmacists for opinions.
• Decisions on drug policy management.

Question 7

Provide standards, checklists, content suggestions
for authors to use when submitting manuscripts and medical journals

Answer 7

CONSORT

Question 8

Consort (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) journals

Answer 8

British Medical Journal
2. JAMA (Journal Of American Medical Association)
3. Lancet
4. Annals of Internal Medicine
5. STARDS (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy)

Question 9

Clinical Studies

Answer 9

a. N-of-1 Study
b. Stability or In-Vitro Study
c. Bioequivalence Study
d. Programmatic Research

Question 10

Determine cause and effect relationship

Answer 10

Clinical Studies

Question 11

watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period
and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor/s.

Answer 11

Prospective study

Question 12

series of double blind, randomised “n of 1” controlled trials was performed.

Answer 12

N-of-1 study

Question 13

Evaluate and determine the stability of drugs in various preparations under various conditions

Answer 13

Stability or In-Vitro Study

Question 14

Assess the bioequivalence of two or more products

Answer 14

Bioequivalence Study

Question 15

administered at the same dose by the same
route and under the same experimental conditions

Answer 15

Bioequivalence

Question 16

Determine the impact of economic value of programs and services provided by pharmacists in
community and institutional settings

Answer 16

Programmatic speech

Question 17

• Study the incidence, distribution and relationships of sociological and psychological variables through the
use of questionnaires applied to various populations

Answer 17

Survey Research

Question 18

Evaluate use and adverse effects associated with newly-approved drug therapies

Answer 18

Post-Marketing Surveillance

Question 19

Review articles, analyze, assess and evaluate previously conducted research studies

Answer 19

Overview

Question 20

“General Overview”
Nonsystematic
Subjective summary of data
from multiple studies

Answer 20

Narrative review

Question 21

Depend on feelings, experience and opinions of the patient

Answer 21

Subjective

Question 22

Systematic

Qualitative and objective
summary of data from multiple
studies where the results are not
statistically combined

Answer 22

Qualitative

Question 23

Depend on laboratory result other result and physician observation

Answer 23

Objective

Question 24

Follows the plan

Answer 24

qualitative

Question 25

Meta analyses Systematic Results of conducted clinical trials are combined, statistically evaluated and summarized

Answer 25

Quantitative

Question 26

Type of medical studies

Answer 26

Explanatory and descriptive

Question 27

Typea of explanatory

Answer 27

Observation and experimental

Question 28

Types of descriptive

Answer 28

Case report And case series

Question 29

Used to document and communicate experiences o Investigator simply records data from observations made and draws conclusions as to possible reasons for the events witnessed o Describe unusual or new events

Answer 29

Descriptive

Question 30

Based on the observations of individual patients - Describe and adverse event following the use of a particular drug or group of drugs or to report a possible DI - Frequently generate hypotheses to serve as the basis for more rigorous studies

Answer 30

Case report

Question 31

Document observations from a group or series of patients - Used to examine the prior histories of patients with the same outcome in hopes of identify a possible cause and effect relationship - Useful for estimating the incidence of an adverse event of a newly marketed drug when there is a limited information available about the particular event - Used to help ensure that a certain adverse event is not associated with the use of a drug

Answer 31

Case series

Question 32

More rigorous design to identify answers to questions that arise in clinical medicine o Employed to determine the efficacy of medications or identify whether there is a true relationship between the use of a drug and the occurrence of an outcome

Answer 32

Explanatory

Question 33

Observational - Investigators:

Answer 33

Bystanders

Question 34

Does not conduct research

Answer 34

Observational

Question 35

Examine the natural course of health events, gather data about the subjects included and classify & sort the data - Conducted when it is unethical or impossible to perform clinical studies

Answer 35

Observational

Question 36

“Trohoc Study”

Answer 36

Case control

Question 37

Cohort Study other name

Answer 37

“Follow- up study”

Question 38

Determines association between disease states and exposure to various risk factors - Participants with a particular characteristic are compared to a similar group of participants without the characteristic to determine the risk factors associated with the development of that characteristic

Answer 38

Case control

Question 39

Determine the association between various factors and disease state development

Answer 39

Cohort

Question 40

A group of subject already exposed to a certain factor are compared to an unexposed group of subject and followed prospectively - Development of a disease state of interest is observed during the study period

Answer 40

Cohort study

Question 41

“Prevalence Study”

Answer 41

Cross sectional

Question 42

Identifies prevalence of characteristics of diseases in populations, can be thought of as a “snapshot” because data is collected and evaluated at a single point in time even if the observations may cover a period of several months/years - Surveys that evaluate opinions/situations at a fixed point in time and studies focused on description, diagnosis and mechanisms of disease states

Answer 42

Cross sectional

Question 43

Prospective trials in which an attempt to regulate the variables in a study occurs on the part of the investigators - Allows the investigator to help account for the possible influence that other outside factors could have on a study’s outcomes independent of the drug being evaluated

Answer 43

Experimental

Question 44

Using chance to divide people into groups means that the groups will be similar and that the effects of the treatments they receive can be compared more fairly. - Reduces bias

Answer 44

Randomized Clinical Trial

Question 45

process of assigning patients by chance to groups that receive different treatments. In the simplest trial design, the investigational group receives the new treatment and the control group receives standard therapy. At several points during and at the end of the clinical trial, researchers compare the groups to see which treatment is more effective or has fewer side effects.

Answer 45

Clinical Trial Randomization

Question 46

Inhibit psychological response

Answer 46

Reduce Bias