Biomedical Science Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What structure of tooth is formed from Ectoderm?
A
Enamel
2
Q
What structures of tooth is formed from Echtomesenchyme?
A
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
Alveolar Bone
PDL
3
Q
What structures of tooth is formed from Dental Papilla?
A
Dentin
Pulp
4
Q
What structures of tooth is formed from Dental Follicle?
A
Cementum
Bone
PDL
5
Q
At what stage in tooth development does Dentin formation begin?
A
Early Bell Stage
6
Q
Where are Enterochromaffin cells found?
A
Gastic mucosa
7
Q
Where are olgodendrocytes found?
A
Myelin in CNS
8
Q
Where are Schwann cells found?
A
Myelin in PNS
9
Q
Where are microglial cells found and what do they do?
A
CNS
macrophages in the immune response
10
Q
Where are pericytes found?
A
Support cells for blood/brain barrier
11
Q
What muscles are innervated by cranial nerve XII?
A
All intrinsic muscles of the tongue and all but 1 extrinsic muscle of the tongue.
12
Q
Aside from cranial nerve XII, which cranial nerve provides muscle innervation for an extrinsic muscle of the tongue? What muscle does it innervate?
A
Cranial nerve X, Vagus.
Palatoglossus
13
Q
Which muscles are innervated by Ansa Cervicalis?
A
SOS
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
14
Q
Where does Ansa Cervicalis originate?
A
cervical spinal nerves C1-C3
15
Q
Which gland makes up the highest percent of oral mucous?
A
sublingual gland
16
Q
During embryotic development, at what point do primary teeth begin developing?
A
6 weeks
17
Q
During embryotic development, at what point do permanent teeth being developing?
A
20 weeks
18
Q
From which branchial arch does ectoderm come?
A
1st
19
Q
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum? (6)
A
descending aorta
hemiazgos vein
vagus nerve
splanchnic nerve
esophagus
thoracic duct
20
Q
In which mediastinum is the phrenic nerve located?
A
middle mediastinum
21
Q
Which type of connective tissue is found in the TMJ?
A
Fibrocartilage
22
Q
Which nerves innervate the TMJ?
A
auricotemporal nerve
masseteric nerve
23
Q
On which amino acids does phosphorylation occur? (3)
A
tyrosine
threonine
serine
24
Q
Thoracolumbar refers to sympathetic or parasympathetic?
A
Sympathetic
25
Craniosacral refers to sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
26
What are characteristics of Alpha1 adrenoreceptors?
-Fight or flight
-constriction of smooth muscle
-raise BP
-tighten bladder sphincters
27
What are characteristics of Alpha2 adrenoreceptors?
-lowers BP
-lowers NE release
28
What are characteristics of Beta1 adrenoreceptors?
-increase HR
-increase lipolysis
-increase myocardial contraction
-increase renin
29
What are characteristics of Beta2 adrenoreceptors?
-increase bronchodilation
-increase glycogenolysis
30
What are the 2 main types of Leukocytes?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
31
What cells are granulocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
32
Function of Neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
most active WBC
1st to arrive during immune esponse
33
Function of Eosinophils?
Parasitic infections
34
Function of Basophils?
Inflammatory
Allergic reactions
35
What cells are Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
36
Functions of Lymphocytes? (and types (3))
Produce specific immune response
-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
-Natural Killer Cells
37
What are the 4 types of papilla on Tongue?
-filliform
-fungiform
-circumvallate
-foliate
38
Which type of papilla is most abundant on tongue?
Filliform
39
What bacteria cause toxic shock syndrome?
Strep Pyogenes
Staph Aureus
40
Gram - bacteria have _____ Porins and ______ peptioglycans
many
minimal
41
Gram + bacteria have ____ Porins and ____ peptidoglycans
few
large
42
What is a warthins tumor?
-relatively frequent and benign neoplasms of the major salivary glands
-papillary cystadenoma
43
Lymphomatosum
Benign epithelial tumor w/ prominent lymphoid tissue
44
Epstein Barr Virus can result in which additional conditions/diseases? (5)
1 mononucleosis
2 hodgkins lymphoma
3 burkitts lymphoma
4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma
5 oral hairy leukoplakia
45
What type of virus is epstein barr virus?
Herpes virus 4
46
Chronic myelogenous leukemia can be associated or a result of what?
Philadelphia Chromosome
47
what can cryptococcus neoformans often cause?
fungal meningitis
48
What is pheochromocytomas?
neoplasms of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
49
What are Chromaffin cells and what do they produce?
-Cells in the adrenal medulla
- epinephrine
-norepi
50
What disease is associated with elementary bodies?
Clamydia
51
What type of anesthetic is Lido, Septo, Mepi, etc
Amide
52
How many milligrams of Lido is 2%?
36mg
53
How many milligrams of epi in 1:100k anesthetics?
.018mg
54
Characteristics of Sulfonamides?
-Bacteriostatic
-folate synthesis inhibitor
- "sulfa drugs"
55
Characteristics of Fluoroquinolones
-bactericidal
-DNA syn. inhibitor
-.....floxacin
56
Characteristics of Penicillins
- bactericidal
- cell wall syn inhibitor
- B lactam
57
Benefits of Augmentin?
Clavulonic acid is Beta Lactamase resistant
58
Common Cephalosporin
Keflex
59
Characteristics of Tetracyclin
- bacteriostatic
- protein syn inhibitor
- broadest antimicrobial
60
Characteristics of Macrolides?
(Mac likes to throw mice in..)
- bacteriostatic
- protein syn inhibitor
- erythro
- clarithro
- azithro
61
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
62
What organs are retroperitoneal? (5)
- adrenal glands
- kidneys
- ureters
- inferior vena cava
- rectum
63
Where is Brunners gland found and what does it do?
- Submucosa of Deodenum
- secrete alkaline material to neutralize stomach acid
64
Stratum Lucidem
Dead cells in epidermis, not found in the oral tissue
65
Type 1 collagen
- 90% of collagen in the body
- most abundant in gingiva
66
Type 2 collagen
- elastic cartilage
- joint support
67
Type 3 collagen
- muscles, arteries, organs
68
Type 4 collagen
- layers of skin
69
What type of cells makes of the Parotid Gland?
simple cuboidal cells
70
What is the nerve innervation to the Parotid gland?
Lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of cranial nerve IX, glossopharyngeal
71
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric?
mylohyoid n, via IA
72
What nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric?
Facial nerve
73
Function of limbic system?
Primitive brain or emotions and motivations for survival
74
Functions of Medulla oblongata?
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory
- HR, BP, breathing
75
Function of hypothalamus
homeostasis
76
Function of cerebellum
movement and coordination
77
maltose
glucose - glucose
78
sucrose
glucose - fructose
79
lactose
glucose - galactose
80
Common bacteria that cause chronic adult periodontitis (4)
- P. gingivalis
- Eikenella
- Fusobacteria
- spirochetes
81
What bacteria are common in dental plaque?
Strep Sanguis
82
Rule of 80%
- 80% of salivary tumors are in the parotid gland
- 80% of parotid tumors are benign
- 80% of benign tumors are pleomorphic adenomas
83
What is the most common tumor found in salivary glands?
Pleomorphic Adenomas
84
What is Steatorrhea?
Malabsorption of Fats
85
Which bacteria are most responsible for Endocarditis?
Strep Viridans
86
Which teeth are most affected from Congenital Syphalis? What are they called?
- Upper incisors (Hutchinson's incisors)
- Permanent 1st molars (Mulberry Molars)
87
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Right subclavian vein
88
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Left subclavian vein
89
What is Crohns disease?
Chronic infection of terminal ileum and colon
90
What other diseases are associated with Crohn's disease?
- aphthous ulcers
- polyarthritis
- pyoderma gangrenosum
- uveitis
- nephrolithiasis
91
Characteristics of Ulcerative colitis
- always involves rectum
- travels up colon
- bloody diarrhea
- frequent defecation
92
symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
- convulsions
- peripheral nerve disease
93
deficiency of what vitamin can be associated with Apthous ulcers?
B12
94
What does the external laryngeal nerve innervate?
cricothyroid muscle
95
What is the function of the internal laryngeal nerve?
sensory above the vocal chords
96
what is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
-provide motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
-provide sensory below the vocal chords
97
where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve originate?
from vagus nerve
98
Euchromatin
loose chromatin, can be transcribed
99
Heterochromatin
densely packed chromatin, cannot be transcribed
100
what determines the location and number of cusps of a developing molar?
enamel knots
101
what is cushing syndrome?
Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids
102
What are the 4 zones of coronal pulp?
1-central pulp
2-cell rich zone (hohle)
3-cell poor zone (weil)
4-odontoblastic zone
103
What is found in the central pulp zone?
dendritic cells
fibroblasts
macrophages
leukocytes
blood vessels
lymph vessels
mylenated a sig fibers
unmylenated c fibers
104
what is found in the cell rich zone of pulp?
-plexus of raschkow
-subodontoblastic cell bodies
105
What is found in the cell poor zone of pulp?
-subodontoblastic processes
106
Describe sensory innervation of the tongue
Anterior 2/3
pain = lingual
taste = chordae tympani (from facial nerve
Posterior 1/3
pain = glossopharyngeal
taste = glossopharyngeal
107
What is a common cause of
-unilateral jaw claudication
-worsening vision
-headache
Temporal arteritis
- aka occlusion of branches of carotid artery
108
What does the reduced enamel epithelium secrete to aid in tooth eruption?
-collagenase
-interleukin 1a
-PRHrP
109
What is the action of aldosterone?
- Increase Na reabsorption
- increase K secretion
110
What is addisions syndrome?
Low levels of aldosterone
111
What is a common clinical sign of addison's syndrome?
melanosis of oral tissues
112
What cells secrete mucous is conducting segment of the lungs?
Goblet cells
113
What cells act to lower friction and surface tension in the lungs?
Mesothelial cells
114
What cells make surfactant?
Clara cells
115
After tooth movement, where are reversal lines found?
on the resorption side of the tooth, the direction the tooth is moving
116
After tooth movement, where are arrest lines found?
On the deposition side of the tooth
117
What is the function of Aa nerve fibers?
Proprioception
118
What is the function of Ab nerve fibers?
Touch
119
What is the function of Asig nerve fibers?
-pain and temp
-sharp pain
120
What is the function of C nerve fibers?
-pain and temp
-itch
-dull chronic
121
- Elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase
- normal Ca and P levels
- cotton wool appearance
- enlarged maxilla
all describe what disease?
Pagets disease
122
Reversal Drug for an opoid?
Naloxone
123
Reversal drug for a benzodiazapine?
Flumazenil
124
Drug for laryngospasm during sedation?
Succinylcholine
125
Drug for bronchospasm during sedation?
albuterol or epinephrine
126
Drug for hypotension during sedation?
- Atropine
- ephedrine
- phenylephrine
127
Drug for angina or MI during sedation?
- nitroglycerin
- aspirin
128
Characteristics of Dentinogenesis
- yellow or opalescent color
- short roots
- bell shaped crowns
- obliterated pulps
- associated with osteogenesis imperfecta
129
Characteristcs of Dentin Dysplasia
- crowns normal in shape and color
- "rootless"
- periapical radiolucencies
130
What are the 3 occasions when enamel shells do not need to be removed?
1 - class 3 restorations
2 - restorations on primary teeth
3 - restorations of cementum
131
What is the recommended antibiotic for ANUG?
Metronidazole
