biomedicine Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
chronic cold fingers & toes?
which anatomical structure is affected?
A
raynaud’s disease
blood vessel constricts & reduces blood flow to extremities. 2 types: primary; secondary (autoimmune)
2
Q
LDL & HDL
low HDL & high LDL
A
risk factor for coronary heart disease
3
Q
irregular heart beat
what device to monitor heart?
A
arrhythmia
holter monitor
4
Q
intermittent claudication
too little or too much blood flow in arteries?
main sx?
A
too little
cramping (during exercise)
5
Q
lub dub
LUB: ______ valve & _____ valve snap shut (first heart sound S1); _______ & _______ valve are opening
A
lub dub
LUB: tricuspid & mitral valve snap shut (first heart sound S1); pulmonic & aortic valve are opening
6
Q
lub dub
DUB: ______ and _____ valve snap shut (second heart sound S2); _____ and _____ valve are opening
A
lub dub
DUB: pulmonic & aortic valve snap shut (second heart sound S2); tricuspid & mitral valve are opening
7
Q
atrial fibrillation vs. ventricular fibrillation
A
atrial fibrillation: chaotic electrical signals in heart affecting upper chambers
ventricular fibrillation: affecting lower chambers
–> more severe; 911
8
Q
chest pain worse w/ exertion, better w/ rest; can feel pressure in chest w/ nausea, SOB, sweating, dizziness
A
angina pectoris
9
Q
chest pain starts off worse w/ exertion & better w/ rest, but now occurs even at rest
A
unstable angina
10
Q
redness, warmth, pain, swelling in one limb
Homan’s test is positive
A
deep vein thrombosis
11
Q
intermittent claudication, pain, achiness, cramping all better w/ rest & worse going uphill, poplitial, post-tibial or dorsal pedis pulse may be absent, painful, cold, numb limbs, poor capillary refill, poor hair growth, dry, scaly skin on extremities, prone to leg, heel or toe ulcers
A
PAD = peripheral atherosclerotic disease
12
Q
orthostatic hypertension
A
feeling faint or passing out when going from sitting to standing
13
Q
rapid breathing, SOB, palpitation, rapid heartbeat, low BP, loc or lightheadedness, cold sweat
A
cardiogenic hypotension or shock. call 911 & remove all needles
14
Q
know cause of hypertension. primary or secondary?
A
secondary
15
Q
BP
low risk
medium risk
high risk
A
low risk: 120/80
medium risk: 121-134/80-84
high risk: 135+/85+
16
Q
chest pain longer than 30 minutes radiating down left arm
A
myocardial infarction
17
Q
sudden severe headache w/ stiff neck & photophobia. patient may describe as worst headache of their life. might pass out.
bleeding between brain & tissues that cover it
“thunderclap headache”
A
subarachnoid haemorrhage
18
Q
worst headache; stiff neck, vomiting, sudden high fever, does not pass out, confusion, sleepiness or difficulty waking up, sensitivity to light
A
bacterial meningitis
19
Q
seizure that occurs as a side effect to a medication
A
provoked seizure
20
Q
seizure w/ blank out, staring
A
petit mal seizure
21
Q
seizure: might start w/ auras, deja vu, dizziness, weird emotions
A
tonic-clonic (grand mal seizure)
22
Q
quick loss of consciousness w/ sudden tensing of muscles; lasts a few seconds
A
tonic seizure
23
Q
seizure: alternating quick contraction & relaxation of muscles causing twitching to violent shaking; eyes roll back in head; tongue could be damaged; possible incontinence; postictal sleep follows seizure & person has confusion or memory loss upon regaining consciousness
A
clonic seizure
tx: if LOC more than 5 minutes or repeated, call 911
24
Q
slurred speech, vision trouble, dizziness, balance or coordination issues, numbness in face, arm or leg usually one side of body, worse case scenario fainting or seizure
A
stroke
25
cerebrovascular attack which permanently damages brain tissue due to ischemia (lack of O2 leading to death of tissue) in excess of 4 minutes
stroke (CVA)
26
most common vessel involved in stroke
cerebral artery
27
stroke: wet type vs. dry type
wet: aneurism, trauma, vascular malformation; keep BP low
dry: blood clot, thrombosis or embolus; coumadin, aspirin
28
ministroke characterized by sensation of weakness or numbness on face of one side of body confusion, slurred speech, garbled speech, memory loss, difficulty swalling, dysphagia, balance issues, vertigo/dizzy, vision loss or double vision
TIA = transient ischemic attack
29
bell's palsy vs. stroke
bell's palsy can't wrinkle forehead; stroke is movement
30
abdo pain, severe pain radiating to low back or lower abdomen; pain worse when lying down, better when bent forward. can also have nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever; pain is episodic.
pancreatitis; refer to PCP in next weeks
31
pain in right hypochondriac region that may radiate to right scapula w/ nausea, vomiting, sweat, possible epigastric pain
cholecystitis
32
frequent blood diarrhea w/ abdo & rectal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting. usually w/ infected food
bacterial dysentery
33
IBS characterized by severe chronic diarrhea, crampy abdo pain, fever, no appetite w/ weight loss. tender abdomen, palpable mass or fullness. rectal bleeding is unusual.
crohn's disease
34
upper abdo pain that is dull but persistent, bloating after eating, nausea, belching, weight loss, low appetite or feeling full quickly. lots of coffee/alcohol intake.
disease name?
what is inflammed?
causes?
treatment?
chronic gastritis
stomach lining inflammed
diet, stress, H. pylori
tx: proton-pump inhibitors, zantac, h2 antagonists, tums, alka seltzer
35
stomach ulcers most often due to?
h. pylori (helicobacter pylori)
36
what quadrant is diverticulitis or diverticulosis?
LLQ
37
crampy abdo pain that comes & goes, loss of appetite, constipation, vomit, swelling of abdo, inability to pass gas.
disease?
refer?
bowel obstruction
ER
38
productive cough w/ white, yellow or green mucus, SOB, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase of breathing, lung hyperinflation manifested as decreased heart & lung sounds, frequent lung infections, low energy, weight loss, barrel chest at end of disease.
COPD
39
blue bloater vs pink puffer
blue bloater: chronic bronchitis
(decreased oxygen in the body --> skin and lips taking on a blueish tint)
pink puffer: emphysema
(difficulty catching breath --> temporary redness in face)
40
irreversible changes to alveoli which are enlarged and destroy alveolar walls
emphysema
41
finger clubbing causes
lung cancer, celiac, cirrhosis, grave's, cystic fibrosis
42
productive cough for at least 3 months for more than 2 consecutive years
chronic bronchitis
43
slow disease progression, cough w/ green or yellow sputum esp upon waking; eventually can be blood streaked sputum, sweat, night sweats w/ or w/o fever
TB. report to public health department
44
patient has COPD, check O2 levels w/ ______
pulse oximeter
45
severe SOB, wheezing, tightness in chest, not enough air to walk or talk, blue lips/fingers d/t low O2, confusion
cause?
meds?
asthma
cause: environmental triggers
meds: short acting or long acting bronchodilators (eg. albuterol)
long term prevention of inflammation: non-steroidals or corticosteroids (eg. advair)
46
CPR for adults, kids, babies
30 compression per 2 breaths
47
cancer: difficulty swallowing w/ pain in epigastrium & behind sternum w/ weight loss, low energy
esophageal cancer
48
bone pain w/ swelling, redness, loss of function w/ weight loss; possible lace-like bones
osteosarcoma (aka osteogenic sarcoma aka bone cancer)
49
rough scaly patch on skin that develops after years of sun exposure, often found on face
actinic keratosis
50
ABCDE of skin cancer (malignant melanoma)
asymmetry
border irregularities
color changes
diameter (over 6cm)
evolving
51
most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
52
blistering skin sore. basal, squamous or malignant melanoma?
squamous
53
which skin cancer is more common above the nose
basal d/t more sun exposure
54
breast swelling, skin dimpling (peau d/orange), breast/nipple pain, nipple retraction, skin that is flaking or red or dry or thickening, swollen lymph nodes
breast cancer;
painless lumps sx of early-stage breast cancer
55
SOB, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, weight loss
colon/rectal cancer
56
hard lump on testicle w/ weight loss
testicular cancer
57
most common type of cancer
lung
58
swollen parotid glands w/ high fever, headache, muscle ache, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, pain when chewing or swallowing
bacterial or viral?
meds?
mumps aka epidemic parotitis
viral
no meds; only vaccine
59
childhood disease w/ fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, rash that turns into itchy fluid filled blister that turns into scabs
chickenpox
60
chills, fevers, sore throat, mild cough --> turning into severe cough that is loud w/ gasping sound b/t cough
whooping cough (si feng)
61
abrupt start w/ septicemic phase w headache, severe muscular aches, chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, chest pain; sometime hemoptysis.
second immune phase has same sx as first but now can develop meningitis or pulmonary hemorrhaging, liver or kidney damage
spread from animals or contaminated water
leptospirosis
tx: penicillin, anti-bx
62
fever, chills, cough muscle aches untreated can cause liver fibrosis or bladder cancer. transmitted via freshwater snails that carry this parasite.
schistosomiasis
63
chronic neurodegenerative disease: relapsing & remitting sx of paresthesia in one or more extremities in trunk or side of face w/ visual disturbances (partial loss of vision or pain in one eye), weakness or clumsiness of leg or hand, pain, urinary incontinence, apathy, poor judgment, depression.
MS
lesions on CNS (spinal cord or medulla) shown in MRI
64
rigidity or trembling of head & limbs, shuffling gait, balance issues, stuttering, sleep problems, trouble thinking, muscle stiffness
parkinson's
65
vitamin: blood clotting problems
vitamin K
66
vitamin: retinol
+ night blindness; - hepatotoxicity
vitamin A
67
vitamin: calciferol
- rickets, osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bone pain
vitamin D
68
vitamin: tocopherol
- skin problems
vitamin E
69
vitamin: thiamine
- beriberi
vitamin B1
70
vitamin: riboflavin
- lesions at corners of mouth (aka stomatitis)
vitamin B2
71
vitamin: niacin
- 4 D's
vitamin B3
72
vitamin: folic acid
- anemia, neural tube defects
vitamin B9
73
vitamin: cobalamin
- pernicious anemia
vitamin B12
74
vitamin: absorbic acid
- scurvy, slow healing sores
vitamin C
75
vitamin: biotin
- skin problems, loss of hair
vitamin H
76
vitamin: fat soluble
ADEK
77
vitamin: water soluble
BCH
78
sudden rapid intense pain that comes in waves, localized over right abdomen, pain is centered in abdomen or pain below breast bone or between shoulder blades or over right shoulder. pain can last several minutes to hours. w/ fever, vomit, possible jaundice.
gallbladder stones. bile duct blocked.
79
swollen abdomen like drum, edema, brown urine, yellow sclera & skin, fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding, nausea, vomit, weight loss, feet/ankle/leg edema, itchy skin
liver cirrhosis
80
osteoarthritis vs. rheumatoid arthritis
- asymmetrical?
- autoimmune?
- small joints vs large weight bearing joints?
osteoarthritis: asymmetrical, small joints
RA: autoimmune, large joints
81
gout
sx?
meds?
big toe mostly, high uric acid, worse at night; meds: allopurinol
82
one vertebra that slips over vertebra below it. late stages can cause neuropathy & pain when pinches nerve
spondylolisthesis
83
jaw pain w/ fever, worse after chewing, tenderness at scalp or temples w/ vision problems
temporal arthritis
84
jaw pain on one or both sides, aching around or in ear, difficult chewing, facial pain, locking of jaw joint
TMJ
85
test for medial/lateral meniscus
McMurray's test
86
what part of brain is stimulated w/ acupuncture?
spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex
87
what part of brain processes emotions, regulates autonomic motor functions & behaviour?
cingulate gyrus
88
anorexia, nausea & vomit, weight loss, stomatitis, yellow brown skin, itching, inconsistent urine output, SOB, fatigue, blood in urine, increased nighttime urine, insomnia, swollen ankles, feet or hands, muscle twitch & cramps
chronic renal failure/kidney disease
89
kidney disease. what tests? treatment?
test: elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), raised creatinine level, check ultrasound for enlarged kidney
tx: ACE inhibitors, betablockers (hypertension goes along w/ this); diuretics, low salt & protein diet, dialysis
90
autoimmune
body attacks thyroid cells as if they were a bacteria, virus, foreign body
hashimoto's (hypothyroidism)
91
autoimmune
rheumatic disorder; scarring in skin, joints & internal organs, blood vessel abnormalities w/ sx like swelling of fingers, joints freezing in permanent positions, damage to GI, lungs, heart, kidney...may develop
scleroderma
92
autoimmune
start w/ rash, headache, chills & fever, progresses to arthritis, cardiac & neurological issues
lyme's disease
93
severe fatigue, sore throat, fever swollen lymph nodes in neck & armpits, swollen tonsils, headaches & rash. causes spleen to soften & swell. "kissing" disease.
disease name?
virus?
mononeucleosis
epstein barr virus
94
autoimmune
goiter or nodule, exophthalmos (eye bulge), nervous, palpitations, hyperactivity, sweating, fatigue, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, frequent BM?
grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)
95
autoimmune
sensory issues or motor issues, vision problems, stiff muscles & weakness, mobility problems, pain problems w/ thinking, learning or planning, depression & anxiety?
MS
96
joint pain, swelling, stiffness, swollen salivary glands, skin rashes or dry skin, inability to produce tears, vaginal dryness, persistent dry cough w/ prolonged fatigue
sjorgren's
97
autoimmune
widespread pain for more than 3 months w/ fatigue & sleep issues
fibromyalgia
98
autoimmune
chronic inflammation of proximal portion of small intestine in response to exposure to gluten
celiac
99
autoimmune
symmetrical arthralgia, swollen joints, butterfly rash, raynauds
lupus
100
autoimmune
inflammation of tissue such as joints, heart, chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, tired, fever over 38C , flat red rash w/ jagged edges, unexplained ongoing headache, jerky movements, muscle pain, swollen red tonsils
disease name?
complication of?
location affected?
rheumatic fever
complication of scarlet fever or strep throat
bicuspid/mitral valve affected
101
slight rapid & deep breathing w/ dull pale complexion & fatigue, irregular heartbeat, dizziness & lightheadedness, chest pain, cold hands & feet
anemia
102
most likely cause of microcytic anemia? most common.
iron deficiency
103
anemia d/t bone marrow damage, prevents body from producing new blood cells w/ sx like fatigue, uncontrolled bleeding & more prone to infections
aplastic anemia
104
anemia d/t genetic issue
sickle cell
105
inability to absorb B12
pernicious anemia
106
alcoholic anemia d/t?
folate or B12 deficiency
107
hereditary blood disease: over absorption of iron --> underactive thyroic, chronic fatigue, organ failure, joint pain, infertility...may cause cancer
hemochromotosis
108
hyperglycemia where there is decreased level of consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, excessive thirst, dry mucus membranes, warm dry skin, fever, high blood sugar
non-ketonic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma aka diabetic coma
109
breakdown of RBC faster than bone marrow can produce them
hemolysis
110
WBC = leukocytes --> for immunity
allergic rxns?
parasite infections?
bacterial/fungal infections?
viral infections & inflammation?
chronic infections?
largest amount in body?
allergic rxns? basophils
parasite infections? eosinophils
bacterial/fungal infections? neutrophils
viral infections & inflammation? lymphocytes
chronic infections? monocytes
largest amount in body? neutrophils 60-70%
big apple, every person can, no body fails (to) love, my city b
basophil allergic rxn
eosinophil parasite cancer
neutrophil bacteria fungal
lymphocyte viral
monocyte chronic bacterial
111
breast swelling during ovulation, lumps that come & go w/ menstrual cycle, pain tenderness, thickening of breast tissue
fibrocystic breasts
112
amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutim (body hair) & high BP
PCOS
113
missed period for more than 3 weeks w/ history of PID & lower abdo pain or sharp sudden pelvic or low back pain. pain refer to shoulder girdle. rebound tenderness
ectoptic pregnancy
114
affects mostly 30-40 y/o menstruating people, worse pre-menstrual, can cause infertility
endometriosis
115
swollen vagina w/ redness, itching pain during intercourse, foul smelling discharge
vulvovaginitis
116
pain during intercourse
dyspareunia
117
lower abdo or pelvic pain w/ fever, difficulty urination, foul smelling d/c, pain during intercourse
name?
inflammation of?
common cause?
salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tube
gonorrhoea and chlamydia
118
heavy menstrual bleeding w/ longer periods lasting more than 1 week, frequent urination, difficulty emptying bladder, constipation, backache, leg pain
uterine fibroid aka leiomymoa
119
placenta previa. attached to upper or lower part of uterus?
lower
120
amenorrhea. lack of periods for how many consecutive months?
3 months
121
vaginal bleeding during which trimester of pregnancy considered normal?
first trimester
122
frequent urination w/ weak stream urine, dribbling, scanty urine output, urinary retention in men
BPH benign prostate hyperplasia
123
TCM stranguria is what disease in western medicine?
UTI
124
one sided rash that starts w/ tingling --> burning pain; eventually blisters form that ooze & crust over
name?
TCM pattern?
refer?
herpes zoster
toxic damp heat or damp-heat in LR/GB
same day referral to MD
125
UV light used by doctor to make dx & differentiate b/t types of tinea
wood's lamp
126
antipsychotic meds block which neurotransmitter in brain?
dopamine
126
celexa, zoloft, paxil (SSRI) used for:
depression
126
impaired ability to remember, think or make decisions that interferes w/ doing everyday activities
dementia/alzheimers
127
antidepressant meds block which neurotransmitter in brain?
serotonin
128
endocrine
puffy face, course dry hair, feels cold, fatigue, weight gain, depression, slow movements/thoughts, muscle craps, loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow. too much or too little thyroid hormones?
too little thyroid hormones. hypothyroidism
129
high levels of T4
hyperthyroidism
130
too much cortisol
cushing's
131
too little cortisol
addison's
132
hormone that increases water reabsorption
ADH
133
hormone that decreases blood calcium
hormone that increases blood calcium
increase: calcitonin
decrease: parathyroid hormone
134
hormone that increases blood glucose
hormone that decreases blood glucose
increase: glucagon
decrease: insulin
135
increase urine, thirst, appetite.
complication?
diabetes
blindness, glaucoma, cataracts, neuropathy
136
swelling of lymph nodes in jaw, armpits, groin, possible red streaks around swellings
lymphangitis
137
headache eye pain, blurry or haloed vision w/ nausea & vomiting.
disease?
refer?
closed angle glaucoma
PCP or semi-urgent same day. can lead to total loss of vision
138
sore swollen throat, drooling, SOB, high fever, inspiration stridor (harsh vibrating noise when breathing), can cause child to sit upright lean forward w/ hyperextended neck
disease?
refer?
acute epiglottis
ER. can lead to respiratory obstruction & death
139
bradykinesia, bradypnea, bradycardia
bradykinesia: slow movement
bradypnea: slow breathing
bradycardia: slow heartbeat
140
stenosis
narrowing or constricting of an opening
141
large blister on skin filled w/ clear fluids
when filled w/ blood?
bullae; hemorrhagic bullae
142
imaging test for soft tissue & bones
MRI
143
hypertension meds (ABCDs)
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
inderal, norvasc, lasix
144
thrombosis meds
anticoagulants
warfarin, coumadin, heparin
145
depression meds
SSRIs, MAO inhibitors
effexor, celxa, prozac, zoloft, paxil
146
advil, ibuprofen, NSAIDS (inflammation)
NSAIDS precautions
upper GI disorders; renal or hepatic impairment
147
anxiety meds
zanax, valium (NOT for psychosis)
148
diabetes meds
glucophage, metformin
149
cipro, zithromax
antibiotics
150
corticosteroids (inflammation)
presnidone
151
stools:
black tarry non stinky?
blood red?
pale?
silvery?
pencil thin, ribbon-like?
black tarry non stinky? upper GI bleeding
blood red? colon/rectal tumor or cancer, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids
pale? pancreatic disease
silvery? pancreatic cancer
pencil thin, ribbon-like? colon, anal cancer
152
1. drug effects on body
2. interaction of drugs & subcellular components
3. drug concentration in tissues & blood over period of time
4. study of harmful chemicals & effects on body
1. pharmacodynamics - drug effects on body
2. molecular pharmacology - interaction of drugs & subcellular components
3. pharmacokinetics - drug concentration in tissues & blood over period of time
4. toxicology - study of harmful chemicals & effects on body
153
non-narcotic analgesic: acetaminophen
tylenol, panadol
154
analgesic & NSAID
ASA (aspirin), ibuprofen (advil, motrin...), naproxen, etc.
155
encephalitis vs. meningitis
encephalitis: inflammation of brain
meningitis: inflammation of membraines protecting brain & spinal cord
156
bacterial infection d/t salmonella typhi
typhoid fever aka enteric fever
157
bacterial pneumonia d/t streptococcus pneumoniae
cough, SOB, rapid breathing, chest pain, muscle aches
pneumococcal pneumonia
158
rapid onset muscle weakness caused by immune system damaging peripheral nervous system; both sides of body involved; sx begin in feet & hands, spread to arms & upper body
guillain-barre syndrome
159
leukopenia & agranulocytosis
leukopenia: low WBC
agranulocytosis: acute condition involving severe & dangerous lowered WBC causing neutropenia in circulating blood
