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Biology > Biomolecule > Flashcards

Biomolecule Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of biology which explains biochemical basis of life is called ?

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

Living portion of cell is ?

A

Protoplasm

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3
Q

Protoplasm contains ?

A

70-90% water 💦

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4
Q

If the water 🌊 is evaporated , the remaining mass is called ?

A

Dry weight of the cell

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5
Q

Compounds produced by living organisms are called ?

A

Biochemicals

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6
Q

Which elements make up most of the biochemicals ?

A

Six elements make up most ( 98%) of biochemicals :

✓ Carbon ( C )
✓Hydrogen ( H )
✓Nitrogen ( N )
✓Oxygen ( O )
✓Phosphorous (P)
✓Sulphur ( S )

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7
Q

Which is the most abundant component in living cell ?

A

Water ( 70 -90 % )

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8
Q

Water is a —- molecule

A

Polar { it has slightly negative end — the O2 atom / very slightly positive end — the hydrogen atom }

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9
Q

Chemical formula of water 💦

A

H20 ( two atoms of hydrogen are joined to one atom of Oxygen )

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10
Q

Separation of electrical charges is called ?

A

Dipole

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11
Q

Properties of water

A

☑️ shows hydrogen bonding

☑️

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12
Q

Molecules containing carbon as basic element bounded covalently with hydrogen atom are called?

A

Organic molecule

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13
Q

Molecules which donot contain carbon as an basic element or in which hydrogen is not directly bounded with carbon are called?

A

Inorganic molecules

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14
Q

Carbon

A

✔️ valency : 4

✔️ atomic no : 6

✔️tetravalent

✔️ Ability of carbon to bond itself with other atoms is called “ catenation “

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15
Q

Chemical bonds which are formed by the loss and gain of electrons are called?

A

Ionic bonds

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16
Q

Chemical bonds which are formed by the sharing of electrons are called ?

A

Covalent bonds

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17
Q

The joining of two monomers is called?

A

Condensation ( dehydration synthesis )

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18
Q

Macro molecules are broken into monomers by the process of hydrolysis with the help of ?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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19
Q

Reverse of condensation is called ?

A

Hydrolysis ( hydration )

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20
Q

A process during which polymers are broken down into the sub units (monomers) by the addition of water is called ?

A

Hydrolysis ( hydration )

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21
Q

Structural component of plasma membrane ?

A

✓ Glycolipids ( carbohydrates+ lipid)

✓ Glycoprotein ( carbohydrates + protein)

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22
Q

Basic structural framework of all types of membrane is made up of ?

A

Lipoprotein

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23
Q

Glycolipids are also known as ?

A

Cerobrosides

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24
Q

They are important constituent of brain 🧠

A

Glycolipids / cerebroside

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25
Q

Glycolipids and sulpholipids are found commonly in ?

A

Chloroplast

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26
Q

Mucoids is another name for ?

A

Glycoprotein

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27
Q

Conjugated of lipid and carbohydrates ?

A

Glycolipids

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28
Q

Conjugate of nucleic acid and protein ?

A

Nucleoprotein

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29
Q

Conjugate of lipid and protein ?

A

Lipoproteins

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30
Q

Conjugate of carbohydrates and protein?

A

Glycoproteins

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31
Q

Most of the oligo polysaccharides in animals and plants are linked covalently to protein molecules and are called ?

A

Glycoproteins

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32
Q

Glyco proteins are found in ?

A

✓ Egg albumin 🥚 🍳

✓ gonadotrophic hormone ( fsh and Lh )

✓ in the cell membrane

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33
Q

On hydrolysis , nucleoprotein give rise to ?

A

Nucleic acid + protein

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34
Q

Glycoproteins contain small amount of carbohydrate i.e less than ?

A

4%

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35
Q

Prosthetic groups of lipoprotein?

A

Lecithin and cholesterol 🍕🧀

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36
Q

They are an important component of membrane of mitochondria/ ER / Nucleus ?

A

Lipoproteins

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37
Q

ETS in mitochondria also contain large amount of ?

A

Lipoproteins

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38
Q

Examples of lipoproteins?

A

💀 Lamellar lipoprotein system occuring in myelin sheath of nerves

💀 photoreceptive structures

💀 Chloroplast

💀 Membrane of bacteria 🧫🦠

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39
Q

Weakly acid and soluble in water 💦

A

Nucleoproteins

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40
Q

When two biomolecule of two different groups combine with each other acting as unit molecule are called

A

Conjugated molecule

41
Q

Proteins

A

✓ polymers of Amino acid monomers

✓ specific amino acids link together in definite manner to perform a particular function

42
Q

Proteins are complex molecules having?

A

C / H / O / N / P / S

43
Q

Proteins constitute more than ?

A

50% of dry weight of cell

44
Q

The name protein was suggested by ?

A

Berzelius ( 1838 )

45
Q

Who recognized the importance of protein ?

A

Dutch chemist G.J Murder ( 1883 )

46
Q

Building 🏢🏫 blocks of tissues?

A

Proteins

47
Q

Proteins are macromolecules or polymers of

A

Amino acid

48
Q

How many amino acids are found in living organisms

A

20 basic amino acid

49
Q

Amino acids are linked together by specialised Bond or linkage 🔗 called

A

peptide linkage

50
Q

In polypeptide chain amino acids are linked together by

A

Condensation process

51
Q

During the process of protein synthesis each amino acid become join to other amino acid forming a long continuous and branch polymer called ?

A

Polypeptide chain

52
Q

How many structural levels of proteins are there ?

A

4

53
Q

Polypeptide chain ⛓️ having linear sequence of amino acids due to peptide bonds is called ?

A

Primary structure

E.g Insulin

54
Q

Polypeptide chain of minor acid become spirely coil this structure is called ?

A

Secondary structure

E.g hairs / spiders web 🕷️🕸️

55
Q

Which holds protein chain in spiral manner in secondary structure ?

A

Hydrogen and sulphide Bond

56
Q

Secondary structure results in the formation of rigid and regular structure called ?

A

Helix

57
Q

Arrangement of secondary structure into three dimensional ( fold / super fold ) structure having peptide hydrogen ionic and disulphide Bond ?

A

Tertiary structure

E.g Lysozyme

58
Q

The association of two or more subunits into large size molecules is called ?

A

Quaternary structure

E.g Haemoglobin

59
Q

Which will cause a protein causing it to lose its conformation and ability to function ?

A

High Temperature

60
Q

Functions of proteins

A

🐼 carry out cell activities

🐼 Form main structure of cell

🐼 provide mechanical support

🐼 As enzyme ( vastly accelerate the rate of metabolic reactions )

🐼 As hormones / growth factors / gene activators — perform regulatory functions

🐼 As membrane receptors and transporters

🐼 Determine what type of substances should enter or leave the cells

🐼 proteins act as antigens / antibodies / fibrine

61
Q

Ribose is found in ?

A

RNA nucleotides

62
Q

Deoxyribose sugar is found in ?

A

DNA

63
Q

Purine contains

A

Two nitrogenous bases i.e Adenine ( A ) and Guanine ( G )

64
Q

Pyridine contains

A

3 nitrogenous bases i.e
Cytosine (C) , Thymine (T) , Uracil ( U )

65
Q

Ribose formula ?

A

C5 H10 O5

66
Q

Deoxyribose formula ?

A

C5 H10 O4

67
Q

Which is common in all nucleotides?

A

Phosphoric acid … Attached with 5th carbon of pentose sugar

68
Q

Nucleotides consists of 3 parts which are ?

A

✓Pentose sugar ( 5thbcarbon )

✓phosphoric acid ( H3P04 )

✓ nitrogenous bases

69
Q

Formation of nucleotides

A

🧊 At first : nitrogenous base combines with pentose sugar at its first carbon to form a { nucleoside }

🧊 Second step : phosphoric acid combines with 5th carbon of pentose sugar to form { nucleotide }

🧊🧊🧊🧊

70
Q

Friedrich Miescher isolated a substance from the “ pus of cells “ named it as ?

A

NUCLEIN { later named as Nucleic Acid }

🐸 has Acidic properties

71
Q

Nucleic acid are present in free state or bound to proteins called ?

A

Nuclear proteins

72
Q

Sub units or monomers of nucleic acid are ?

A

Mononucleotides

73
Q

DNA is mainly found in

A

Chromatin of cell nucleus

74
Q

Most of the RNA 90% is present in —— and a little 10% is in —-

A

Cell cytoplasm —- nucleolus

75
Q

It is synthesized from ADP

A

ATP ( adenosine tri phosphate )

76
Q

It is an unstable molecule and carry energy from place to place within a cell …

A

ATP

77
Q

ATP consists of

A

Adenosine ( Adenine and ribose sugar )

78
Q

During the conversion of ATP into ADP , the free energy released is ?

A

31.8 kJ or 7.3 calorie / mol

79
Q

Two looks you tight quality bounded together forms

A

Dinucleotide

80
Q

Example of dinucleotide

A

NAD ( nicotine amide dinucleotide )

81
Q

Nicotin amide is a vitamin constituent and a ?

A

Coenzyme

82
Q

Function of poly nucleotide

A

As repostries ( storehouse ) and transmitter of genetic information

83
Q

Which is encoded in nucleic acid molecule :

A

Genetic information

84
Q

How many nucleotide make nucleic acid molecule

A

4 nucleotides

85
Q

Single ring nitrogenous bases are ?

A

Pyrimidine

86
Q

Double ring nitrogenous bases ?

A

Purines

87
Q

ATP is a mono nucleotide and also the ?

A

Energy currency of cells

88
Q

A steroid nucleus consists of ?

A

17 carbon atoms

89
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

E.g Fibrinogen / Actin / myosin / keratin

90
Q

Globular proteins

A

Enzymes / hormones / antibodies / channel proteins

91
Q

Lipids

A

Four important groups
✓ Acylglycerol ( fats and oils )
✓waxes
✓phospholipid
✓Terpenoids { Terpenes / steroids / caretenoids }

92
Q

What is a perfect medium for biochemical reactions ?

A

Water

93
Q

Water Act as a buffer ?

A

💦Buffer helps to prevent changes in pH of solution when an acid or alkalis added

💦 Water minimizes changes in pH

94
Q

Specific heat capacity of water

A

✓Specific heat of a substance is measure of amount of energy needed to raised temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1°C

✓specific heat capacity of water is very high , it takes a lot of energy to warm up

95
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

It is due to hydrogen bonding

Liquid water requires higher amount of heat energy to change into vapours that is why water needs to lose a lot of energy to form ice

Content of cell is unlikely to freeze🥶

96
Q

Cohesive force in water molecules is due to

A

✓ Hydrogen bonding

✓forces of attraction between similar molecules is called cohisive force

97
Q

Macromolecule can be divided into four categories

A

4

98
Q

Protein contain

A

Peptide bond

Biology (20 decks)

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