BIOMOLECULE

Question 1

●Life on earth is based on carbon compounds that we call
● are macromolecules or “giant molecules.”

Answer 1

biomolecule

Question 2

They are giant because they are polymers made of hundreds or even thousands of smaller molecules called

Answer 2

monomers

Question 3

Four major kinds of biomolecule

Answer 3

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

Question 4

Used as a source of energy, ____ are a class of biomolecules that includes
sugar and polymers of sugars

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

These are organic compounds that primarily consist
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that occur in a

Answer 5

1:2:1 RATIO

Question 6

the monomers and fundamental units of carbohydrates that cannot be further broken down or hydrolyzed into smaller sugars

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

Mono =
Sacchar =

Answer 7

• ONE
• SUGAR

Question 8

Types of Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Aldoses
Ketoses

Question 9

Sugar units that contain an aldehyde group

Answer 9

Aldoses

Question 10

Sugar units that contain a ketone group

Answer 10

Ketoses

Question 11

● Form that circulates in our bloodstream
○ Known as dextrose

Answer 11

Glucose

Question 12

● Occurs in ripe and sweet fruits
○ Mango is the sweetest fruit on the planet

Answer 12

Fructose

Question 13

● Makes up the sugar in milk

Answer 13

Galactose

Question 14

● A major structural component of DNA nucleotides
○ A pentose

Answer 14

Deoxyribose

Question 15

● A carbohydrate that consists of two to ten units of monosaccharides
○ Most commonly occurring two forms of oligosaccharides are disaccharides
○ Di = two

Answer 15

Oligosaccharides

Question 16

○ are formed by dehydration synthesis
○ We encounter many forms of disaccharides daily

Answer 16

Disaccharides

Question 17

● In plants, it is abundant in sugar cane which is processed to produce table sugar

Answer 17

Sucrose

Question 18

● In barely, it can be fermented to produce alcoholic beverages

Answer 18

Maltose

Question 19

● Major sugar found in cow’s milk

Answer 19

Lactose

Question 20

● A trisaccharide found in cabbages and asparagus

Answer 20

Raffinose

Question 21

● Large molecules that consist of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide monomers
○ Long chains of complex carbohydrates

Answer 21

Polysaccharides

Question 22

Poly =
Sacchar =

Answer 22

• MANY
• SUGAR

Question 23

The most common polysaccharides

Answer 23

● Cellulose
● Chitin
● Starch
● glycogen

Question 24

● Primary storage polysaccharide in plants

Answer 24

Starch

Question 25

● The storage polysaccharide in animal and fungal cells

Answer 25

Glycogen

Question 26

● Primary structural carbohydrate in plats ○ Major component of plant cell walls

Answer 26

Cellulose

Question 27

consist of glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains that are combined through dehydration reaction

Answer 27

Typical fat

Question 28

two types of fatty acids

Answer 28

○ Saturated fatty acids ○ Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 29

■ Have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains which gives them a straight-chain conformation

Answer 29

Saturated fatty acids

Question 30

■ Have hydrocarbon chains that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. These bonds usually bend in the carbon chain

Answer 30

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 31

● They are produced from hydrogenation ○ Common in fast foods, fried foods, and junk food products

Answer 31

trans fats

Question 32

● They have tails of two fatty acid chains and a head that contains a phosphate group ● A vital class of lipids because they are the primary components of cell membranes

Answer 32

Phospholipids

Question 33

● Produced by plants to prevent desiccation or water loss when exposed to too much sunlight ● Waxy water repellent layers are both present in feathers of birds and exoskeleton of insects ● Beeswax is a natural wax produced in honeycombs

Answer 33

Waxes

Question 34

AMINO ACIDS HAVE (5)

Answer 34

○ Central carbon ○ Amino group ○ Carboxyl group ○ Hydrogen atom ○ R group

Question 35

how many amino acids in living organisms have different R groups , which give them varying chemical properties in the cell’s physiological conditions

Answer 35

20

Question 36

● Cells link amino acid monomers together by dehydration reactions ○ Bond between adjacent amino acids is called a peptide bond ○ Process of dehydration reaction, one amino acid releases an H+ and the other releases OH- . Thus, a water molecule is produced

Answer 36

Peptide bond formation

Question 37

● Some conditions can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape ○ Examples include ph and temperature

Answer 37

Protein denaturation

Question 38

● Keratin hair and silk in spider webs are examples of structural proteins ○ Can be found in horns, claws, hooves, and outer skin of vertebrates

Answer 38

Structural proteins

Question 39

● mostly globular proteins that catalyze reactions ○ Very specific to the substrate molecule or reactants, reactions of which are catalyzed

Answer 39

Enzymes

Question 40

● Channel and carrier proteins allow the movement of different molecules across the cell membrane

Answer 40

Transport Proteins

Question 41

● Interactions between antigens and antibodies help trigger immune responses

Answer 41

Immune Proteins

Question 42

● Present in muscle cells ○ helps the body to initiate various forms of movements

Answer 42

Contractile Proteins

Question 43

● Provide amino acids for growing organisms ○ Germinating seeds and developing embryos in eggs

Answer 43

Storage Proteins

Question 44

● Store and transmit genetic information ○ Found in nucleus or nucleoid ○ Two types: DNA & RNA

Answer 44

Nucleic Acids

Question 45

Roles of Nucleotides

Answer 45

● Involved in metabolic activities ● Regulate enzymatic reactions ● Store large amounts of energy (ATP)

Question 46

Components of Nucleotides

Answer 46

● Base ● 5-carbon Sugar ● Phosphate Group

Question 47

● The sugar-phosphate backbone is a structural feature of DNA that is bound by repeating phosphodiester linkages ○ The backbone gives the dna its negative charge

Answer 47

Organization of Nucleotides in DNA

Question 48

Most commonly occurring two forms of oligosaccharides are

Answer 48

disaccharides