Biomolecules

Question 1

What are Macromolecules?

Answer 1

Large biological molecules, they include proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Question 2

What elements are macros made of?

Answer 2

C, H, O, and sometimes N

Question 3

Structurally speaking, how are macros made up?

Answer 3

Made up of monomers that join in specific sequences (polymers).

Question 4

What are micromolecules?

Answer 4

Small biologically important molecules, they include vitamins and minerals.

Question 5

What are the physical properties of saccharides?

Answer 5

Low molecular weight, sweet to taste, soluble in water.

Question 6

Physical properties of polysaccharides

Answer 6

High molecular weight, tasteless, and insoluble in water.

Question 7

Composition of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Simple sugars (one molecule)

Question 8

Composition of disacarides

Answer 8

Double sugars (2)

Question 9

Polysaccharide composition

Answer 9

Multiple sugars

Question 10

What bond holds monosaccharides together?

Answer 10

Glyosidic bond

Question 11

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 11

Glucose, galactose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, and ribose sugar

Question 12

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 12

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Question 13

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 13

Starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and liginin

Question 14

What ratio of CHO are carbs found in

Answer 14

1:2:1

Question 15

Why are carbs important to living things?

Answer 15

Carbs are the primary source of NRG for living things and are obtained from food.

Question 16

What are aldoses?

Answer 16

A sugar that contains a carbonyl group on the terminal carbon.

Question 17

What are the four aldoses?

Answer 17

Glyceraldehyde, ribose, glucose, and galactose.

Question 18

How can you differentiate between the 4 aldoses?

Answer 18

Glyceraldehyde has 3 C’s
Ribose has 5 Cs
Glucose has 6 Cs and has an OH on the right
Galactose has 6 Cs and has an OH on the left

Question 19

What is a ketose

Answer 19

A sugar containing a carbonyl w/in the parent chain

Question 20

What are the three ketones?

How can you differentiate between them?

Answer 20

dihydroxyacetone, ribulose, fructose.
Dihydroxyacetone has three Cs
ribulose has 5 Cs
fructose has 6 cs

Question 21

What can monosaccharides be distinguished by?

Answer 21

The spatial arrangement of their electron, carbonyl group they possess, length of the C-backbone.

Question 22

What are the two forms that carbs can be found in?

Answer 22

Open and ringed

Question 23

Which two substances exist as straight chained compounds but can from rings and why? when dissolved in water

Answer 23

Pentoses and hexoses as they exist as in ring form they are more stable.

Question 24

Describe how aldoses and ketoses form ring structures.

Answer 24

Aldoses: Functional groups on C1 and C5 react forming a covalent bond called a 1, 5 linkage. *carbonyl and alcohol”
Ketoses: Functional groups on C2 and C5 react forming a covalent bond called a 2, 5 linkage.

Question 25

what is an alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 25

If the OH is below the plane of the ring then an alpha bond forms. If the OH is above the plane of the ring then a beta bond forms.

Question 26

What disaccharide does each of the following form glucose + galactose glucose + glucose glucose + fructose

Answer 26

lactose maltose sucrose

Question 27

What are the functions and forms of polysaccharides?

Answer 27

Straight chained or branched | Function is for energy storage (startch and glycogen) and structural support (chitin and cellulose).

Question 28

What is starch? What is starch made of? what are the two components of startch?

Answer 28

Starch stores glucose in plants alpha glucose mixture of Amylose and amylopectin.

Question 29

Tell me about amylose and amylopectin

Answer 29

Amylose: straight chain with alpha 1,4 bonds (1,4 glycosidic linkages), can be 1000s of molecules long. Amylopectin: Similar to amylose, w 1,4 linkages in main chain but has occasional 1,6 linkages to create branches

Question 30

What breaks down glycogen and what does it break into?

Answer 30

Glucagon breaks it down and it breaks into glucose molecules.

Question 31

What are beta acetal bonds and where can they be found?

Answer 31

Found in cellulose and cannot be broken down by human enzymes.