Biomolecules

Question 1

There is a small set of elements found in living systems what are they

Answer 1

N,O,H,C

Question 2

Living compounds are made from these primary biological molecules

Answer 2

H, N, O, P, S

Question 3

Amino acids contain which two groups which ionize to be?

Answer 3

○ Amino group (NH2)
§ Ionizes to NH3+
○ Carboxylic acid group (COOH)
§ Ionizes to COO-

Question 4

What is another name for carbohydrates

Answer 4

○ Monosaccharides
○ sugars

Question 5

What is the formula for carbohydrates

Answer 5

○ (CH2O)n where n is greater than or = to 3

Question 6

What is the molecular formula for glucose

Answer 6

○ C6H12O6

Question 7

• Does glucose take on a cyclic structure in solution

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

• What makes up a nucleotide

Answer 8

5 carbon sugar
○ Nitrogen
○ phosphate

Question 9

What are characteristics of lipids

Bonus why are they hydrophobic

Answer 9

○ No real structure they can come in many shapes and sizes
○ Hydrophobic
Dont make polymers

bonus: Because they are long chains of C and H which are not polar

Question 10

Define monomers in the context of polymers
namethemonomers

Answer 10

○ The individual building blocks
§ Amino acids
§ Carbohydrates
§ nucleotides

Question 11

• Define polymers

Answer 11

○ A string of monomers that can encode information

Question 12

What does monomer residue mean

Answer 12

○ Monomers are considered monomer residue once they have become part of a polymer because they lose a little part of them self when they join together

Question 13

• What is the monomer of protiens and what is another name for protiens

bonus: how many amino acids are there

double bonus: why is this number important

Answer 13

○ Amino acids are the monomers for protiens
○ Polypeptides is another name for them
○ Bonus: 20
Double bonus: This is important because it allows for a variety of protiens to be formed making it so protiens can have many different jobs

Question 14

• What kind of bond links protien monomers together

Answer 14

○ Amide bonds called peptide bonds

Question 15

• Define conformation

Answer 15

○ It is the 3D shape of the polypeptide chain

Question 16

• Nucleic acids are best known as (two separate names) but also have a third less common name

Answer 16

○ DNA and RNA
○ polynucleotides

Question 17

• Why do polysaccharides differ from nucleic acids and protiens

Answer 17

○ They differ from nucleic acids because they are homogeneous polymers so it limits their potential to carry genetic information
○ They also cannot adopt a very large variety of shapes which means they cant have lots of different jobs
○ They do however serve a fuel for the body by storing energy and also provide structural support

Question 18

Fill out this chart

Answer 18

Question 19

• What is waters configuration

Answer 19

○ A tetrahedral with oxygen at center
- Hydrogen at two corners and free electrons at the others

Question 20

• Which atom bears the + charge and which bears the - charge in
  water molecules
  ○ Oxygen +
  ○ Hydrogen -
  ○ Water is polar

Answer 20

○ Oxygen +
○ Hydrogen -
○ Water is polar

Question 21

• Explain hydrogen bonds
  ○ Bonus: in a hydrogen bond what element is donating and what element is accepting

Answer 21

Hydrogen bonding is when a hydrogen atom experiences electrostatic attraction to strong biological electronegative atoms
-This means O and N only because they have to strongest electron
affinity and are biological atoms
-The hydrogen that is being bonded must already have a permanent
bond
□ C-H is not permanent because carbon does not have a strong
enough hold on the H

bonus:
§ H atoms donate
□ Water can donate two H
§ Unshared e- are acceptors
□ Water can accept two bonds
Water can make 4 Hbonds

Question 22

• How many bonds does ice make vs water

Answer 22

○ Ice has a crystalline form so it forms 4 strong Hbonds
○ Water only forms about 3
- Usually for sure one acceptor and one donator
- These bonds are weaker and are continuously breaking and
reforming
-Short half life

Question 23

• Why does ice float

Answer 23

○ Ice floats because Hbonds demand that the molecules be orientated a curtain way which makes a geometric constraint (leaving spaces between the atoms) which makes it less dense then water which is less orientated and more compact

Question 24

• Define electronegativity

Answer 24

○ An atoms affinity for electrons
- How close they pull e- to themselves

Question 25

• What are ionic interactions

Answer 25

○ Ionic interactions happen between too oppositely charged molecules that attract each other
○ Slightly stronger than Hbonds

Question 26

• What bonds are considered van der Waals interactions and explain each one

Answer 26

○ Dipole-dipole interactions
- These are like Hbonds where the molecules are polar but form
weaker bonds
- H can form dipole-dipole bonds with atoms that are less
electronegative
-That is why they are weaker bonds
○ London dispersion forces
- These bonds occur in non-polar molecules when they experience a
small fluctuation in polarity which creates a wave effect and causes
molecules around it to be temporarily attracted to it
-This type of attraction has a short half life and is always
continually stopping and starting

Question 27

• What is dielectric constant

Answer 27

○ It is a measure of a solvents ability to diminish the electrostatic attraction between dissolved ions
○ Water has a high dielectric constant
- This means that ions are not able to associate as much

Question 28

• A dissolved partial is called what

Answer 28

○ A solute

Question 29

• What is it called when an ion is surrounded by its solvent

Answer 29

○ The ion is solvated or hydrated if the solvent is water

Question 30

• Define hydrophilic

Answer 30

○ Water loving
○ Polar

Question 31

• Define hydrophobic

Answer 31

○ Have a lack of polar groups
○ Water fearing
○ Insoluble in water

Question 32

• What happens during the hydrophobic effect and how is it defined

Answer 32

○ Because nonpolar substances take away some of waters energy by not allowing them to move wherever and whenever they want they water molecules force the hydrophobic molecules together so that they have less surface area and less water molecules are strained
- Although only the molecules around the hydrophobic mollecules are
strained and cant really move where they want all the water
molecules of water end up losing energy because they take turns
being strained
○ The exclusion of nonpolar substances from an aqueous solution is known as the hydrophobic effect

Question 33

• Is hydrophobic bonds correct

Answer 33

○ There is no such thing as hydrophobic bonds
On a test anything that says this is wrong

Question 34

• Define amphiphilic molecules and how do they compare to amphipathic molecules

Answer 34

○ Amphiphilic molecules have a part of them that is hydrophilic and a part of them that is hydrophobic
○ The difference between amphiphilic and amphipathic is amphiphilic molecules usually like water more and amphipathic molecules usually hate water more

Question 35

• When an amphiphilic molecule is shaped like a cone how does it act in water

Answer 35

○ It forms a sphere micelle with the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the hydrophobic tails on the inside
○ It is shaped like a cone because it only has one hydrophobic tail

Question 36

• What happens when the amphiphilic molecule has two hydrophobic tails

Answer 36

○ It forms a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out on either side and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards

Question 37

• What does a bilayer help with

Answer 37

○ This bilayer is used as cell walls and prevents polar substances from pouring out
○ Polar substances have a hard time getting through the bilayer because they hydrophobic core refuses to let them in
○ Substances of high concentration usually want to move to lower concentration so it can equalize its concentration and energy level
§ The bilayer tends to stop this so that whatever is needed in the cell stays in the cell and anything that isnt needed stays out