Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CHEM compostella > BIOMOLECULES > Flashcards

BIOMOLECULES Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

2 diff types of carbohydrate groups

A

POLYHYDROXY aldehyde and ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why can carbs have either aldehyde or ketone groups

A

parent molecule = glycerol
any one of the 3 OH in glycerol can be oxidised to form sugar –> if the first is oxidised it creates an aldehyde, if the second it creates a ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

simplest monossaccarides that can be defined

A
  1. in case of 1st OH oxidation in glycerol: ALDOTRIOSE
  2. in case of 2nd OH oxidation in glycerol: KETOTRIOSE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what enantiomer of carbs is always present in nature

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epimer definition

A

diastereoisomers that have one chiral carbon swapped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

relationship between glucose and galactose/mannose

A

GALACTOSE: epimers at c4

MANNOSE: epimers at c2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when does cyclization of monossacharides occur

A

in nature they exist as acyclic, but form cyclic srtuctures when added to WATER (bcos of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups coming in contact)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anomeric position of glucose def

A

carbon of the hayworth projection that was originally the carbonyl carbon

CRETES ALPHA (down) AND BETA (up) ANOMERS A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does pyranose denote when it is present in the name of a carb? (eg. glucopyranose)

A

that the glucose has formed its 6 carbon cyclic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

equilibrium of glucose isomers in water (concs) and reason

A

beta > alpha > open

beta has OH groups in a comformation where they dont collide so there is less steric hinderence and it is more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mutarotation def

A

a change in optical power given by the equilibrium established of the 2 anomers of glucopyranoses

-similar MP/BP bcos the same intermolecular forces
-diff optical power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 types of oxidation of glucose and what reagents are used

A
  1. CU2+ (weak oxidising agent) oxidises the aldehyde and forms gluconic acid
  2. enzymes (not done in lab)
    oxidises C6 hydroxyl group into COOH (aldehyde unchanged) to form glucuronic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a reducing sugar

A

sugar that can be oxidised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are reducing sugars tested for

A

positive fehlings and tollens

Fehlings = Cu2+ to CuO forming dark red ppt

Tollens = Ag+ to Ag(s) forming silver mirror

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

amino acids within carbs

A

C2 of monosaccharide can be connected to an amino acid group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phosphorylation of glucose

A

occurs at C6 (primary hydroxyl) to form glucose-6-phosphate

ESTERIFICATION REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

glycoside formation in carbs

A

hemiacetal cyclic form (eg. alpha glucopyranose) reacts with another alcohol to form acetal

glycosidic bond forms between anomeric carbon hydroxyl and the R group of the alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disaccharides and components (that we need to know) + type of carbon linkage

A
  1. Maltose = 2 a-glucose (1,4)
  2. Cellobiose = 2 b-glucose (1,4)
  3. Sucrose = a-glucose + b-fructose (1,2)
  4. Galactose = a-glucose + lactose (b1,4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 components of starch

A

amylose + amylopectin

POLYSACCHARIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

amylose structure

A

-linear (non branched)
-glucose monomers
-1,4 bonding

!! makes up starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amylopectin structure

A

-glucose monomers
-linear chains with 1-4 bonding
-branched projections of 1-6 bonding

!! makes up starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glycogen structure

A

-polysaccharide
-glucose monomers
-same as amylopectin but with more frequence branching

1-4 linear and 1-6 branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cellulose structure

A

-b-glucose monomers that form cellulobiose disaccharides that repeat in the structure
-linear molecule, alternating bonds
-b1,4 glycosidic bonding
-H bonds and cross links between molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

type of enantiomer that all amino acids are present naturally

25
types of groups present in amino acids that determine properties
ALL AMINO ACIDS ARE POLAR BCOS OF COOH GROUPS AND FORM ZWITTERIONS 1. non polar chains 2. polar chains 3. aromatic R chains 4. positive charged groups 5. negative charged groups
26
lysine form in pH 7
chain has an amino group at the end which is PROTONATED
27
value of Ka of zwitterion dissociation
10^-10
28
why can amino acids work as buffers
undergo dissociations between zwitterions at diff pHs + and neutral ions can buffer neutral and - ions can buffer !! bcos they are one H+ apart
29
what is the isoionic point in amino acid solutions
when the concentration of positive and negative zwitterion forms are equal !! half equivalence hence the pH = pKa of the specific buffer
30
isoelectricity def
isoeletricity: refers to proteins when the overall charge = 0 (neutral). this allows them to form precipitates and crystalise in water
31
types of lipids that exist
1. Hydrolysable: waxes, triglycerols and phospholipids 2. Non hydrolysable: steroids, vitamins, eicosanoids
32
naming fatty acid chains
Cnum: double bonds (delta (positions of double bonds)) eg: 18:2 (delta4,9)
33
waxes charactertistics
-non polar -ester compounds -very hydrophobic -can be broken into fatty acid chain and alcohol parents
34
triglycerides structure and function
-glycerol +3 fatty acid chains -fatty acid chains can be the same but dont have to be -chains are either saturated or unsaturated -if all chains are diff a chiral carbon center on glycerol is created
35
saponification
ester hydrolysis in alkaline conditions
36
Phospholipids structure and characteristics
-2 types are phosphoglycerols and sphingolipids PGs: glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and one phosphate head connected to X group SLs: sphingosine backbone, one fatty acid tail and a phosphate head connected to X group !!diff types of phospholipids have diff X groups
37
what is the parent structure of glycerophospholipids
phosphatidic acid
38
steroids structure and characteristics
-fusion of 4 rings -cholesterol derivatives -estrogen -progesterone -androgens -aldosterone
39
vitamin types
fat soluble: A,D,E,K water soluble
40
eicosanoids structure and characteristics
-derivatives of arachidonic acid -used as local mediators / synthesised in response to stimuli eg. prostaglandin
41
structure of nucleotides
pentose nitrogen base phosphate group
42
2 types of nitrogenous bases
purines: AG - 2 rings pyrimidines: CUT - 1 ring
43
what part of the nitrogenous base makes a bond with the sugar in nucleotides
the NH group present in all bases
44
what type of bond connects base to sugar in nucleotides
a-N- glycosidic bond
45
nucleoside def
nucleotide without the phosphate: hence only the sugar and base
46
bond linking the phosphate to the sugar in nucleotides
phosphoester bond between C5 of sugar (5')
47
nucleic acid definition
polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds (at the 3' position)
48
what is the activated form of a nucleotide
when there are 3 phosphates present instead of just one (ATP)
49
what form is a nucleotide in at pH7
the phosphate group is ionised, hence it is acidic
50
deamination def
SIDE REACTION removal in amino group from base (eg cytosine to uracil modification)
51
depurination def
SIDE REACTION when at acidic pH, the glycosidic bond between purine base and sugar breaks -> gives an apurinic residue (phosphate and connected sugar)
52
guanine modification def
modification of the carbonyl group in guanine base to give tautomers (however the carbonylic form is favoured unless a special agent is present that promotes modifications)
53
what bond is present between the phosphates in di/tri phosphate nucleotides
initial bond between sugar and phosphate = ESTER additional bonds between the phosphates = ANHYDRIDE
54
what is the need for nucleotides to be activated
anhydride bonds are much more reactive than ester bond so they are more easily hydrolysed to release energy
55
how many kcal/mol energy released by ATP hydrolysis
7.3
56
which is the gamma phosphate in a nucleotide
the last one to be added (hence the one hyrolysed first in reactions)
57
what sugar does ATP contain
ribose
58
what is an ampiphilic molecule
a molecule that has both polar and apolar parts
59
what bond links the fatty acid in sphingolipids to the backbone
amide bcos they do not contain a glycerol backbone hence sphingolipids do not contain an ester bond

CHEM compostella (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions