Biomolecules

Question 1

Hydrophobic

Answer 1

Lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water

Question 2

Hydrophilic

Answer 2

Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water

Question 3

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates are essential food nutrients. Your body turns carbs into glucose (blood sugar) to give you the energy you need to function.

Question 4

Fructose

Answer 4

a sugar mostly found in honey and fruits.

Question 5

Glucose

Answer 5

main sugar found in your blood

Question 6

Galactose

Answer 6

A sugar in milk (and yogurt). It also contributes to energy production and storage in several human tissues.

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Consists of a short chain of C- atoms. All carbohydrates contain monosaccharides in their structure.

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together

Question 9

Sucrose

Answer 9

Common table sugar = Glucose + Fructose

Question 10

Lactose

Answer 10

Major sugar in milk = Glucose + Galactose

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

Long chains of polymers covalently bonded.

Question 12

Maltose

Answer 12

Product of starch digestion = Glucose + Glucose

Question 13

Cellulose

Answer 13

Component of the cell wall

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

Found in plants. The most common are amylose and amylopectin.

Question 15

osmosis

Answer 15

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules

Question 16

Structural polysaccharides

Answer 16

Provide support. Make up structures.
EXAMPLE: Cellulose, Chitin

Question 17

Storage polysaccharides

Answer 17

Store energy
EXAMPLE: Starch, Glycogen

Question 18

Condensation

Answer 18

A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a byproduct.

Question 19

How to draw a protein?

Answer 19

Label the amine group, carboxyl group, alpha carbon and R group on an amino acid.​

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

Hydrolysis is a reaction that uses up water molecules to break bonds.

Question 20

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 20

There are 9 essential amino acids

Question 21

What is the amino structure?

Answer 21

2 H’s and N then the central Carbon and a r group at the bottom and a hydrogen at the top, then the carboxyl group so, C double bonded with an O and then a bond with OH.

Question 22

Polypeptides

Answer 22

Two amino acid monomers aligned to form a peptide bond by condensation reaction.

Question 23

name the 3 fatty acids?

Answer 23

1. unsaturated fats
2. saturated fats
3. trans fats

Question 24

Dietary requirements for amino acids

Answer 24

Animal proteins have the nine essential amino acids our bodies need, whereas plant proteins don't contain them all within one source. Vegan diets require attention to food combinations to ensure essential amino acids are consumed.

Question 25

Secondary structure

Answer 25

alpha (α): helix beta (β): sheets.

Question 26

Primary

Answer 26

Unique sequence of AA in a protein Determined by genes Changes in this sequence alter the protein’s configuration (e.g. sickle-cell shape of hemoglobin Determination of AA sequence using Sanger’s Method

Question 27

Secondary

Answer 27

Regular, repeating folding of a protein’s polypeptide backbone Stabilized by hydrogen between peptide linkages in the protein’s backbone (carbonyl and amino groups).

Question 28

Tertiary Structure

Answer 28

Irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding between side chains (R-groups): superimposed upon primary and secondary structure

Question 29

Covalent linkage

Answer 29

Disulfide bridges. Found when the amino acids contain sulfur. form between two cysteine monomers brought together by folding of the protein

Question 30

Weak interactions

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonding Ionic bonds between charged side chains (cofactors + the R group) when the proteins contain cofactors Hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar side chains in protein’s interior

Question 31

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 31

These amino acids orient themselves towards the center of the polypeptide to avoid the water

Question 32

Disulphide Bridge

Answer 32

The amino acid cysteine forms a bond with another cysteine through its R group

Question 33

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 33

Polar "R" groups on the amino acids form bonds with other Polar R groups

Question 34

Hydrophilic Interactions

Answer 34

These amino acids orient themselves outward to be close to the water

Question 35

lonic Bonds

Answer 35

Positively charged R groups bond

Question 36

Quaternary

Answer 36

Found in large globular proteins made up of more than one polypeptide Results from the interaction among several polypeptides (subunits) in a single protein.

Question 37

Cysteine

Answer 37

Disulfide bridges form between two cysteine monomers bought together by folding of the protein. This is a strong bond that reinforces conformation.

Question 38

What is the function lipids?

Answer 38

The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

Question 39

Fatty Acids

Answer 39

Joined by dehydration synthesis. Since there are three fatty acids attached, these are known as triglycerides

Question 40

Structure of Fatty Acid

Answer 40

The “tail” of a fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain, making it hydrophobic. The “head” of the molecule is a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic.

Question 41

Saturated Fats

Answer 41

A type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds, considered to be less healthy in the diet than unsaturated fat.

Question 42

Unsaturated fats

Answer 42

A type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fat.

Question 43

Trans Fats

Answer 43

An unsaturated fatty acid is an arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds. Consumption of such acids is thought to increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

Question 44

Phospholipids

Answer 44

The phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their pairs of unshared electrons. This means that phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil.

Question 45

osmosis

Answer 45

The movement of water from a higher concentration of water to a lower concentration of water.

Question 46

hypertonic

Answer 46

The solution outside the cell contains a higher amount of concentration/salts, so the water leaves the cell, shrinking it

Question 47

hypotonic

Answer 47

The solution outside the cell contains a lower amount of concentration/salts, so the water enters the cell, making it swell

Question 48

isotonic

Answer 48

There is a balance of solutes and water molecules keeping an equilibrium