Biomolecules

Question 1

Denature of proteins

Answer 1

Protein loses its shape and loses its function. Some can re-nature.
- changes in temperature - changes in pH - radiation - presence of certain hazardous chemicals

Question 2

Organic molecules

Answer 2

C-C or C-H covalent bonds

Question 3

Glycogen

Answer 3

Polymer of glucose is a macromolecule and main polysaccharide in the body.

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine and ribose sugar attached to 3 phosphates.

• high energy bonds that are broken during cataboli reactions energy released is transferred to newly formed compounds
• used to do body’s work
• form of energy cells generally use
• energy currency

Question 5

Unsaturated fat

Answer 5

1+ double bonds because not all of the chains carbons are saturated with hydrogens.

Question 6

Saturated fat

Answer 6

All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled with hydrogen atoms (no double bonds)

Question 7

Tripeptide

Answer 7

3 amino acids

Question 8

Polymer

Answer 8

Made up of identical units

Question 9

Amino Acids

Answer 9

Building blocks of proteins, 21 commonly occurring and 21 in almost all proteins
- 8 essential and 13 nonessential

Question 10

NAD+ and FAD

Answer 10

Act as coenzymes to shuttle electrons

Question 11

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 11

Contains clusters of more than one polypeptide chain, all linked together into one giant molecule

• antibodies and hemoglobin
• chaperones: preset in every cell and direct the steps required for many proteins to fold into twists /convulsed shapes required form them to function properly

Question 12

Liquids (lipids)

Answer 12

Unsaturated - more double bonds, more liquid

Question 13

Nucleic acids

Answer 13

DNA/RNA, huge organic molecules that contain C H O P N

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

All contain C H O N and race metals

• more complex than carbohydrates / lipids
• many functions and responsible for structures of many body tissues
• most abundant of organic compounds in body
• chainlike polymers composed of multiple subunits linked end to end - these building blocks are amino acids

Question 15

Phospholipid components

Answer 15

Fat compounds similar to triglycerides.

1 phosphorus / nitrogen (hydrophilic) + 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic) + 1 glycerol

Question 16

DNA

Answer 16

Largest molecule in body. Composed of sugar deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and phosphate. Consists of 2 long chains coiled into double helix. Unique to each individual

Question 17

Major compounds

Answer 17

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 18

Double helix

Answer 18

Sugar-phosphate form backbone, bases point inwards towards bases on other chain and hydrogen bonds connect.
A-T and G-C

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

Gain H2O and break down compound

Question 20

Prostaglandin influences

Answer 20

Negative or positive PGs alter menstrual cycle experience (different types of cramps) Also influence blood pressure, secretion of digestive juices, enhance body’s immune system/inflammatory response, and blood clotting and respiration.

Question 21

Peptide chain

Answer 21

4-9 amino acids

Question 22

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 22

Polypeptide chain is so twisted that its coils touch one another in many places and interlocking connections occur

Question 23

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 23

Primary source of energy needed by every cell - structural role in RNA and DNA - cell membrane component - extracellular matrix - and dietary fiber, which promotes GI health.

Question 24

Peptide bonds

Answer 24

Often join amino acids by binding the carbonyl group to the amino group. O- and 2H will split off to form water.

Question 25

Types of lipids

Answer 25

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

Question 26

RNA

Answer 26

Long chain of nucleotide units in single strand (usually). Consist of nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate

Question 27

Nitrogenous base

Answer 27

- Purine (double-ring): adenin and guanine | - Pyrimidine (single ring): cytosine and thymine

Question 28

Free radicals

Answer 28

Functional group temporarily unattached and highly reactive because of unpaired electrons

Question 29

Secondary protein structure

Answer 29

Chains are coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by H bonds - apply helix: clockwise coil - motif: imparts specific to function to each protein in which it appears

Question 30

Protiens (structure and function)

Answer 30

Structure determines Function - Structural: form structures of cells, tissues, and organs with various unique shapes and compositions - Functional: cause chemical changes in molecules (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin)

Question 31

Polysaccharides

Answer 31

Water removed as multiple monosaccharides join

Question 32

Dipeptide

Answer 32

2 amino acids

Question 33

Steroids

Answer 33

Involved in many structural and functional roles throughout the body

Question 34

Functions of lipids (6)

Answer 34

Energy source - structure (integral parts of cell membranes) - vitamins (fat soluble) - protection (fat surrounds and protects organs) - insulation (fat under skin minimizes heat loss) - regulation (steroid hormones / PG regulation)

Question 35

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Answer 35

Play an important role regulating the effects of several hormones, influences blood pressure enhance the body’s immune system and inflammatory response. Formed/released from cell membrane in response to stimulus, they have a very local efffect then inactivated.

Question 36

Cholesterol

Answer 36

In plasma membrane surrounding every body cell. Stabilizer / required for reactions key to survival. Body modifies cholesterol to make cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone, bile salts, and calatriol.

Question 37

Protein function

Answer 37

- structure: collagen/elastin in tissues - catalyze chemical rxns: salivary amylase - transport: hemoglobin is a protein - receptors: binding sites for proteins on cell surface

Question 38

Disaccharides

Answer 38

Two simple sugars bonded together, linked together by dehydration synthesis (removal of oxygen). Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Question 39

Amino Acid shape

Answer 39

``` H R | | H+ — N — C — C — O- | || H O -R: functional group or radical that constitutes the unique/eidntifying part of amino acid -Positive amino group -Negative caorboxyl group ```

Question 40

Functional groups

Answer 40

Certain arrangements of atoms attached to carbon core of many organic molecules (Radicals)

Question 41

Nucleotides

Answer 41

ATP - creatine phosphate - NAD+ and FAD

Question 42

Phospholipid function

Answer 42

Molecules can bridge two different chemical environments (form bilayers) and are a primary component of cell membranes

Question 43

Creatine phosphate

Answer 43

Prolonged or intense exercise and ATP is in short supply, CP used for extra energy. Amino acid derivative and phosphate. THe phosphate is released and added to ADP, re-charging it.

Question 44

Primary protein structure

Answer 44

Refers to number, kind, and sequence of amino acid that make up the polypeptide chain

Question 45

Carbohydrate

Answer 45

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1. Include sugars and starches.

Question 46

RNA function

Answer 46

Act as temporary copies of master code of DNA. Some regulate cell function - ribosomes edit code.

Question 47

Solids (lipids)

Answer 47

Saturated - no double bonds so molecules are very close together

Question 48

Dehydration syntesis

Answer 48

Condensation or loss of H2O during the formation of a large compound

Question 49

_tRNA

Answer 49

Transfer amino acid to correct sequence when building protein

Question 50

Monosaccharides

Answer 50

Simple sugars with short carbon chains in a 6 (hexose) or 5 (pentose) carbon chain. Ribose and deoxyribose. Galactose, glucose, and fructose

Question 51

Lipids

Answer 51

Water insoluble organic molecules that are nonpolar. Composed of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, some contain phosphorus and nitrogen

Question 52

Triglycerides

Answer 52

Fats. Most abundant and most concentrated source of energy. Made from 3 fatty acids +1 glycerol (when catabolized, ATP produced)