Biomolecules

Question 1

Dietary Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Starch, Sucrose, Dietary Fiber, Lactose

Question 2

Starch

Answer 2

Nutritional reservoir of carbs in plants

Polysaccharide of glucose

Question 3

Sucrose

Answer 3

Found in fruits and vegetables
Disaccharide of glucose + fructose
Alpha 1 Beta 2

Question 4

Dietary Fiber

Answer 4

Plant Fiber

Question 5

Lactose

Answer 5

Major dietary carb of animal origin
Disaccharide of glucose + galactose
Beta 1-4

Question 6

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 6

The body cannot digest lactose because of a genetic deficiency of lactase, with an age-dependent decrease in production of the enzyme
Results in gas, belly pain, and bloating within 2 hours of consumption

Question 7

Blood Glucose Normal

Answer 7

Regulated by insulin and glucagon
Normal 70-100 mg/dL (Fasting)
<140 mg/dL (fed)

Question 8

Blood Glucose Irregular

Answer 8

<60 mg/dL - hypoglycemia - hunger, sweating, trembling
> 126 mg/dL (fasting), >199 mg/dL (fed) - Diabetes mellitus
<40 mg/dL - convulsions, coma, brain damage, death

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

Cells generate energy by breaking down glucose (6C) to 2 3C of pyruvate to generate energy with 2 molecules of ATP formed
Energy production continued in mito with oxygen
Aerobic conditions - suppress glycolysis (except cancer). Used to help screen for cancer via PET scans

Question 10

Forms of Carbs

Answer 10

Mono, Di, Oligo, Poly

Question 11

Monosaccharide

Answer 11

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Question 13

Oligosaccharides

Answer 13

Glycolipids, glycoproteins

Question 14

Polysaccharides

Answer 14

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
Carbohydrate storage
Structural and mechanical cellular support

Question 15

Modified Monosaccharides

Answer 15

Deoxyaldose, Acetylated amino sugars, acidic sugars, sugar esters, sugar alcohols

Question 16

Deoxyaldose

Answer 16

A component of DNA

Question 17

Acetylated amino sugars

Answer 17

Components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (cell signaling, cell adhesion, immuno response)

Question 18

Acidic sugars

Answer 18

Present in cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix

Question 19

Sugar Esters

Answer 19

Constitute gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system

Question 20

Sugar Alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol)

Answer 20

Food additives, significance in uncontrolled diabetes (cataracts and peripheral neuropathy)

Question 21

Sweetness

Answer 21

Fewer calories per gram
Not as readily absorbed
Do not contribute to tooth decay

Question 22

Maltose

Answer 22

Glucose + glucose

Alpha 1-4

Question 23

Amylose (Starch)

Answer 23

Food storage in plants, alpha glucose, alpha 1-4, no branching

Question 24

Amylopectin (Starch)

Answer 24

Food storage in plants, alpha glucose, alpha 1-4 and 1-6, ~12-20 branches of glucose

Question 25

Cellulose

Answer 25

Structural, Beta 1-4, Beta glucose, no branching

Question 26

Glycogen

Answer 26

Food storage in animals, alpha glucose, alpha -4 and 1-6, ~6-10 glucose branches

Question 27

Dietary Lipids

Answer 27

Fatty Acids (FA) saturated or unsaturated Triacylglycerol (TCG) 3FA + glycerol backbone Cholesterol Esters - FA esterfied to a cholesterol Phospholipids found in membranes

Question 28

Membrane Lipids

Answer 28

Glycerophospholipid, Sphingophospholipid, Glycolipid

Question 29

Lipid soluble Vitamins

Answer 29

A D E K

Question 30

FA

Answer 30

``` Long unbranched hydrocarbon chains CH3(CH2)nCOOH Un/Poly/Saturated Linolenic w3 Linoleic and arachadonic w6 3 and 6 tell where first double bond is ```

Question 31

Vitamin A

Answer 31

A precursor Bcarotene found in spinach, carrots, dark leafy green vegetables, and yellow veggies A derivative retinol found in liver, dairy, cod, eggs Synthetic drugs - tretinoin and isotretinoin If deficiency - night blindness, xerophthalmia, skin dry and scaly, keratinization of GI, Resp, and GU tract epithelium

Question 32

Vitamin D

Answer 32

Liver, eggs, fish plants, milk, cereal vitamin D3 can be produced buy the skin with exposure to sunlight Calciferol, bioactive form of vitamin D, derived from D2 and D3 Deficiency - rickets (children), inadequate bone mineralization

Question 33

Vitamin E

Answer 33

Tocopherols vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, leafy veggies | Deficiency - muscular dystrophy, neurological abnormalities

Question 34

Vitamin K

Answer 34

Green leafy veggies K2 synthesized in the LI and colon Deficiency - defective blood coagulation, hemorrhagic anemia of the newborn

Question 35

Isoprenoids

Answer 35

Synthesized from acetyl COA via intermediate IPP | Condensation of IPP - steroids, vitamins, and CoenzymeQ

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

Characteristics ABCD ring system | Most important - cholesterol

Question 37

Cholesterol

Answer 37

Component of membranes Important precursor - steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol) Component of bile - bile acids Vitamin D

Question 38

Gallstones

Answer 38

Gall bladder stores lipid emulsifying bile If bile composition ifs not ideal such as too much CHL and too little bile salts - can cause formation of crystalline gallstones in gall bladder Chenodeoxycholic acid can help dissolve Continued disturbances in metabolism - malabsorption, B,C vitamin deficiencies

Question 39

AA properties

Answer 39

``` Alphatic, Aromatic, Acidic, Basic, Non/Essesntial, sulfur-containing NonPolar AA Polar AA Uncharged Positively charged Negatively charged ```

Question 40

Proteins

Answer 40

Fuel - AA generate ATP in TCA cycle Structural - key components in connective tissue Activity - enzymes, cell signaling, transport

Question 41

Protein Turnover

Answer 41

Average ~70 kg (155lb) person consumes ~100g protein per day Hydrolysis to AA in stomach and duodenum AA get metabolized to provide energy or create other biomolecules 400 g/day of protein is degraded in tissues and ~400 g/day of new proteins are synthesized in body N atoms in cycle from proteins are excreted as urea in urine or sweat

Question 42

Disulfide bonds

Answer 42

Oxidation of SH group of CYS residues in RER creates covalent disulfide bonds - secreted proteins Need oxidizing environment, which cytoplasm doesn’t have b/c antioxidant glutathione Keratin protein in hair high CYS content that forms disulfide bonds and this plays part in straightening or curling hair