Biomolecules Flashcards
To perform chemical analysis of any living tissue , we take any tissue ( a vegetable or a piece of liver ) and grind it in ______________ .
Trichloroacetic acid
When we strain the tissue-trichloroacetic acid mixture through a cheesecloth , the FILTRATE obtained is called the ______fraction and the RETENTATE is called __________ fraction .
Acid soluble
Acid insoluble
Scientists have found thousands of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS in the ________ fraction .
Acid-soluble
All the CARBON compounds that we get from living tissues can be called ____________.
Biomolecules
The procedure to analyse inorganic compounds in living organisms -
1 . Weigh a small amount of living tissue ( liver , vegetable )which is the wet weight and dry it.
2 . All the water evaporates . the remaining tissue gives DRY WEIGHT .
3 . Now , burn the tissues . All the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form ( CO2 and water vapour ) and are removed .
4 . Remaining part is called ASH - inorganic compounds .
The remaining part left when the tissues are fully burnt and all carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form and removed is called -
Ash
Ash contains ________ compounds like _____ and _______ .
Inorganic
Calcium
Magnesium
Inorganic compounds like ____ and _______ are also seen in the acid - SOLUBLE fraction .
Sulphate
Phosphate
Elemental analysis gives elemental composition of living tissues in the form of _____,____ , ______ and ______ .
while analysis for compounds gives an idea of the kind of _______ and ______ constituents .
H , O ,C ,Cl
Organic
Inorganic
Amino acids are organic/ inorganic compounds .
Organic
Therefore found in acid- soluble fraction
Amino acids contain an ____ and ______ group as SUBSTITUENTS on the same C .
Amino
Acidic
Why are amino acids also called alpha-amino acids ?
Because the substituents are present on the same C - atom i.e alpha - C atom .
Amin acids are SUBSTITUTED _______ .
Methanes
How many substituent groups are there in amino acids occupying the 4 valency positions ?
4 H Carboxyl grp Amino grp Variable grp= R
Based on the nature of ______ group , there are many amino acids .
R
Amino acids which occur in PROTEINS are only of _______ types .
20
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is H , the amino acid is called -
Glycine
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is a METHYL GROUP , the amino acid is called -
Alanine
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is HYDROXY METHYL ( CH2-OH ) , the amino acid is called -
Serine
Based on the number of _________ and ____ groups , amino acids are acidic , basic and neutral .
Amino
Carboxyl
Name 3 aromatic amino acids -
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Name a neutral amino acid -
Valine
Name an acidic amino acid -
Glutamic acid
Name a basic amino acid -
Lysine
A particular property of amino acids is the _________ nature of mine and carboxyl groups .
Ionisable
In solutions of different _____ , the STRUCTURE of amino acid changes .
pH
Why does the structure of amino acids change in solutions of different pH ?
Because of the ionisable nature of NH2- and COOH- groups
Lipids are generally water _______ insoluble/soluble .
Insoluble ( or acid - insoluble )
_______ could be simple fatty acids .
Lipids
A fatty acid has a ______ group attached to an R group .
Carboxyl
The R group in a fatty acid could be a ______ , ______ or _______ .
-CH3
-C2H5
Or higher number of -CH2 groups ( 1C to 19C)
The R group attached to the carboxyl group in a fatty acid can have how many maximum number of C atoms .
19
1 to 19
Arachidonic acid is a ________ .
Fatty acid
Arachidonic acid has _____ C atoms including the carboxyl atom .
20
19 (max) in R grp and 1 in carboxyl
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated . T/F
T
Fatty acids could be unsaturated with ______ bond .
Double =
Triple bond not found
Glycerol is a ________ .
Simple lipid
Another name for GLYCEROL -
Trihydroxy propane
Many _______ can have both glycerol and fatty acids .
Lipids
When a lipid contains both glycerol and fatty acids , then ______ is found ESTERIFIED with _______ .
Fatty acids are found esterified with glycerol .
______ could be MONOGLYCERIDES ,DIGLYCERIDES and TRIGLYCERIDES.
LIPIDS
Lipids can be called FATS and OILS based on _________ .
Melting point
Out of fats and oils , which one has LOWER MELTING POINT ?
Oils
Why do oils remain oils in winter ? Give example .
Because they have a very low M.P
Ex - gingelly oil
Lipids which have _____ and a ________ in them are called PHOSPHOLIPIDS .
Phosphorous
Phosphorylated organic compound
PHOSPHOLIPIDS are found in _______ .
Cell membrane
LECITHIN is an example of -
A phospholipid found in cell membranes.
_______ tissues have lipids with more complex structures .
Neural
Fats and oils are a type of -
Lipid
A phospholipid found in the cell membranes -
Lecithin
Living organisms have a number of carbon compounds in which _______ rings can be found .
Heterocyclic
An example of a C compound in which heterocyclic rings are found .
Nitrogenous bases
When ______ are attached to _______ , the structure is called a NUCLEOSIDE .
Nitrogen base
Sugar
If a phosphate group is found _______ to SUGAR , they are called NUCLEOTIDES .
ESTERIFIED
Uridine , cytidine , adenosine are __________.
Nucleosides
Uridylic acid , guanylic acid and adenylic acid are -
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA consist of ________nucleotide/nucleoside .
Only nucleotide
When fatty acids are found ESTERIFIED with glycerol ,the compound is called -
Monoglyceride , diglyceride or triglyceride depending on the number of FATTY ACIDS ( 1 , 2 and 3 fatty acids resp.)
Cholesterol is an example of -
Lipid
Palmitic acid is a -
Fatty acid
Primary metabolites lites are found in -
Animals
Secondary metabolites are found in -
Plant , fungal and microbial cells
Toxins are ________ metabolites .
Secondary
Name 2 toxins -
Abrin
Ricin
Concanavalin A is an example of _________ which is a ______ metabolite .
LECTINS( not lecithin )
Secondary
CURCUMIN comes under which category of secondary metabolites ?
Drugs
Name 2 drugs .
Vinblastin
CURCUMIN
Gums , cellulose and rubber are _______ metabolites .
Secondary
Polymeric substances
Diterpenes or monoterpenes are -
Terpenoids - sec metabolites
Codeine is an -
Alkaloid - secon metabolite
Lemon grass oil is an _________ oil .
Essenial - sec metabolite
Name 2 alkaloids -
Morphine
Codeine
Name a water soluble pigment which is a secondary metabolite .
Anthocyanin
Name 1 feature which is common to all compounds found in ACID SOLUBLE POOL. .
Their MOLECULAR WEIGHTS range from 18 to 800 Da .
How many ORGANIC compounds are found in ACID INSOLUBLE fraction ?
Only 4 Proteins Nucleic acids Polysaccharides Lipids
Lipids are organic/inorganic compounds found in acid soluble / insoluble fraction .
Organic
Insoluble
The molecular weight of acid - soluble pool compounds -
18 -800 Da
( acid soluble pool generally includes organic compounds , but there are some organic compounds (4) which are acid -insoluble )
Molecular weight of ORGANIC compounds which are acid -insoluble pool compounds -
10,000 Da (range ) or above
Exception -lipid
On what basis and for what reason are biomolecules divided into 2 - micro and macro molecules ?
On the basis of molecular weights and acid solubility or insolubility
Because except lipid , acid insoluble organic compounds have molecular weights in the range 10,000 or above .
Biomolecules having weight less than _______ Da are called MICROMOLECULES .
1000
Biomolecules having weight ______ and are found in acid _______ fraction are called MACROMOLECULES or BIOMACROMOLECULES .
> 1000 Da
Insoluble
MICROMOLECULES are also simply called ________ and they come under acid _______ ruction .
Biomolecules
Soluble ( <1000 Da (18-800Da)
Molecules in the acid _______ fraction are POLYMERIC substances .
Insoluble
Exception - lipids
The molecular weight of lipids does not exceed _______ BUT they come under acid _____ fraction .
800 Da
Insoluble = macromolecules
Lipids are polymeric / non-polymeric ?
Non - polymeric
They are exceptions to the respective category
Why do lipids come under macromolecule fraction when thei weight does not exceed 800 Da ?
Lipids are small weight compounds and are present not only as such but also arranged in structures like cell membrane and other membranes . When we grind a tissue , cell membranes get broken into pieces and form vesicles which are NOT ACID SOLUBLE . Therefore , these fragments get separated along with the ACID INSOLUBLE pool and hence in the MACROMOLECULAR fraction
When we grind a tissue , we are disrupting the _________ .
Cell structure - cell membranes are broken
Lipids are not strictly -
Macromolecules
The acid ______ pool represents roughly the CYTOPLASMIC composition .
Soluble
The _____________from cytoplasm and organelles become the ACID INSOLUBLE fraction .
Macromolecules
________ is the most abundant chemical in living organisms .
Water
Name all the components of cell according to their % of TOTAL CELLULAR MASS .
Water (70-90%). > proteins (10-15%). > Nucleic acids (5-7%). >. Carbohydrates (3%). > lipids ( 2%). > ions (1%)
Proteins comprise ______ % of the total cellular mass .
10-15
Nucleic acids comprise _______ % of the total cellular mass .
5-7
A protein which is an intercellular ground substance -
Collagen
Insulin comes under which category of PROTEINS .
Hormone
Antibodies are ______ .
Proteins
A PROTEIN which enables GLUCOSE transport to cells .
GLUT-4
Proteins are _________.
Polypeptides
Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked with ________ bonds .
Peptide
Protein is a hetero/homopolymer -
Hetero polymer
Why is protein a heteropolymer ?
Because there are 20 amino acids and each protein is a polymer of amino acids .
_________are a source of ESSENTIAL amino acids .
Dietary proteins
Amino acids which our body can make are called -
Non -essential aa
________ amino acids are supplied through diet .
Essential
Protein / amino acids can be essential or non-essential -
Amino acids
_______ perform many unctions in our body such as transport nutrients , fight infections , some are hormones and some enzymes .
Proteins
_________ is the most abundant protein in ANIMAL 🦒 world 🌎.
Collagen
________ is the most abundant protein the whole of the BIOSPHERE .
RuBisCo
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
POLYSACCHARIDES come under acid _______ pool .
Insoluble - macromolecules
They are threads 🧵 containing different monosaccharides as building blocks .
Polysaccharides-carbohydrates
Cellulose is a homo / hetero polymer .
Homopolymer - polymeric substance having only one type of monosaccharide .
The monosaccharide which makes up cellulose ( polysaccharide ) .
Glucose
