Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biopsych > biopsych exam 4 > Flashcards

biopsych exam 4 Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what role do liver enzymes play in metabolism

A

terminate the effects of most psychoactive drugs by their conversion to inactive metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

metabolic drug tolerance

A

Any tolerance effect that results from a decrease in the amount of drug reaching the target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functional drug tolerance

A

Any tolerance that results from a decrease in the ability of the drug to influence the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

A

Most tolerance in functional
Withdrawal symptoms can range from the headache and nausea of a hangover to severe tremors nausea hallucinations convulsions and delirium tremens DT

The last two symptoms can be severe enough to be fatal
DT disturbing hallucinations bizarre delusions disorientation agitation confusion hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are endorphins and enkephalins

A
  • naturally occurring peptides that act like morphine, binding to opioid receptors in the CNS to reduce pain
  • They are classified as endogenous opioids,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two pathways of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system
Nigrostriatal pathway

A

a brain circuit responsible for controlling voluntary movements and body postural balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two pathways of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system
Mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

a neural pathway primarily involved in reward, motivation, learning, and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of these pathways project to the prefrontal cortex

A

Mesocorticolimbic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dichotic listening test

A

A sequence of three pairs of digits is presented through earphones the two digits of each pair are presented simultaneously one digit to each ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which ear are subjects slightly more likely to report the digits heard, which ear is usually dominant, what does this suggest about language lateralization

A

When the subject is made to report the six digits that they heard there is a slight but consistent tendency to report more of the digits presented to the ear contralateral to the dominant language hemisphere
The right ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do PET and fMRI studies reveal and hemisphere lateralization and language function

A

That there is typically more activity in the LH than the RH during language related activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Commissurotomy is a procedure performed in extreme cases of epilepsy
What is the result

A
  • Remarkably effective many patients never experience another major convulsion
  • Experience few obvious side effects in their daily lives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

To what type of experiments have epileptic patients who underwent commissurotomy contributed

A

split brain experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were the outcomes of the spilt brain experiments

A

Confirmed 2 independent streams of consciousness
The two hemispheres are not equal the LH can speak the RH cant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did left and right differences in processing manifest in split brain patients
LH

A

Understand complex speech and can speak receives sensory information from the right visual field and right hand and controls the fine motor responses of the right hand
Objects presented to the LH
Subjects could pick out the correct object with right hand
Could name correct object
Could not pick out the right object with left hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did left and right differences in processing manifest in split brain patients
RH

A
  • Understands a few simple instructions but cannot speak receives sensory information from the left visual field and left hand and controls the fine motor responses of the left hand
  • Objects presented to the RH
  • Subjects could pick out the correct object with the left hand
  • Claimed nothing had been presented
  • Could not pick out the right object with the right hand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of the ability to understand or express speech caused by a stroke or other neurological injury that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the difference between broca’s aphasia and wernicke’s aphasia
Brocas aphasia

A

Affects speech production making it difficult to speak fluently and grammatically correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the difference between broca’s aphasia and wernicke’s aphasia
Wernickes aphasia

A

Aphasia affects language comprehension leading to difficulty understanding spoken or written language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are broca and wernicke’s area located in the LH
brocas area

A

Inferior portion of the left prefrontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are broca and wernicke’s area located in the LH
wernickes area

A

Left temporal lobe just posterior to the primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which is associated with the frontal operculum

A

Broca’s area
Laterality less clear
Anterior larger on the right
Posterior larger on the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which is associated with the the planum temporale

A

Wernicke’s area
Larger in the LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was hypothesized the be the function of these areas by wernicke

A
  • Plays a role in language comprehension
  • damage to broca’s area produces expressive aphasia
  • No deficits in language comprehension and speech that is meaningful but slow labored disjointed and poorly articulated
  • damage to wernicke’s area produces receptive aphasia
  • Deficits in language comprehension and speech that had the structure rhythm and intonation of real speech but is incomprehensible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the evidence from CT and MRI studies in aphsic patients broca area associated with deficits in language expression and wernicke's area associated with deficits in language comprehension
* do not have damage restricted to brocas or wernicke's area * have significant damage to subcortical area including the white matter * can result from damage only to the medial frontal lobe subcortical white matter basal ganglia or thalamus * Aphasia is rare in the right hemisphere * Stimulation of brocas and werinckes yielded similar results * Areas that disrupted language beyond wernicke's model * Many individuals differences in subjects * Language abilities represented in anterior and posterior sites * Suggested language cortex organized like a mosaic
26
What is the result of anterior vs posterior lesions to the LH in wernickes and geschwind's model in terms of language deficits
* Expressive aphasia is due to anterior damage around but not restricted to broca's area * Receptive aphasia is due to posterior damage around but not restricted to wernicke's area
27
What is a commissure in the brain
* Fiber tracts that connect the two hemisphere of the brain facilitating communication and integration of functions between the LH and RH * The main commissures include the corpus callosum anterior commissure and posterior commissure
28
What is the name of the largest commissure in the human brain
Corpus callosum connects the neocortical areas of both hemispheres it plays a crucial role in coordinating sensory motor and cognitive functions allowing the two hemispheres to work together
29
The corpus callosum is a large tract of white matter Which neuronal part makes up this white matter tract
Myelinated axons
30
How did the cats that had both their corpus callosum and optic chiasm transected differ form controls in terms of task learning when the eye patch was switched to the previously open eye
* The cats control groups kept performing at close to 100% when the patch was shifted * The cats with both optic chiasms and corpus callosims severed acted as if the taks were completely new to them they had to learn it again with no savings
31
What conclusions were drawn from myers and sperry (cats)
* The cats forebrain has the capactiy to act as two separate forebrains * Forebrains are independent for learning and memory * Corpus callosum carries information between hemispheres * Best study method is to limit information to a single hemisphere
32
What are the 3 theories of the evolution of cerebral lateralization
* Lesions of the LH disrupt facial movements more than RH lesions even when they aren't related to speech * The degrees of disruption of nonverbal facial movement s is positively correlated with the degree of aphasia * A problem is that it doesnt suggest why motor function became lateralized in the first place * the primary function of the LH is language and this ability is lost when deaf people suffer damage to the LH even when they are able to make the movement required
33
What evidence for the linguistic theory comes from users of ASL
the primary function of the LH is language and this ability is lost when deaf people suffer damage to the LH even when they are able to make the movement required
34
What are the constituent cognitive processes
* Phonological analysis (sound) * Grammatical analysis (structure) * Semantic analysis (meaning)
35
why do cognitive psychologist focus on cogntive processes to better understand the lateralization of the brain function
* Language areas are not excessively involved with that function * Areas involved with reading might also be involved with functions like short term memory or pattern recognition * Areas involved with language are small and widely disturbed
36
What is another name for the circuit of papez
Medial limbic circuit
37
function of the medial limbic circuit
Controls expression of emotions by connection with the hypothalmus which are mediated with perceptions of emotions by connections with the cortex
38
Ledoux studied the role of amygdala and fear conditioning What did he find was the result of a lesion of the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus on the auditory fear conditioning
block fear conditioning
39
Ledoux studied the role of amygdala and fear conditioning What effect did bilateral lesions to the auditory cortex have on auditory fear conditioning
Do not block fear conditioning
40
What effect does amygdala activation of the hypothalamus have on the body
Pathways from the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus elicit the appropriate sympathetic responses
41
What effects does activation of the PAG have in terms of behavioral response
Pathways from the amygdala to PAG mediate defensive behaviors
42
Which hormones does stress influence that lead to immunological responses causing inflammation and fever
* Cortisol and catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine * Stress also releases cytokines: hormones that are released by many cells and participate in physiological and immunological responses causing inflammation and fever
43
In addition to the important role of the amygdala in emotion which area of the frontal lobe has also been implicated
Medial prefrontal lobes are active and appear to exert cognitive control of emotion through interactions with the amygdala
44
What is meant by schizophrenia spectrum disorders
To provide a more nuanced understand of the continuum of psychotic experiences and to offer a more accurate diagnosis for individuals who dont fully meet the criteria for schizophrenia but may exhibit similar symptoms
45
DSM 5
Schizophrenia Delusions hallucinations disorg speech and behavior Persistent auditory hallucination persecutory delusions Not mood disorder schizoaffective substances mediacall chrica minimal mood Schizoaffective Mdd with psychosis Bipolar I and II with psychosis
46
What is meant by the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia positive
* Symptoms that seem to represent an excess of typical function * Delusions hallucinations inappropriate affect disorganized speech or thought and odd beahvior
47
What is meant by the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia negative
* Symptoms that seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function * Affective flattening avolitiion and catatonia
48
Which were the first two antipsychotic drug discovered
chlorpromazine and reserpine
49
chlorpromazine
* Initally developed as a new antihistamine * Seemed to calm agitated schizophrernic patients and to activate catatonic one therefore the affect semed specaifically antipsychotic not just sedative
50
Repserpine
* Snakeroot plant has been used as a cure for various psychiatirc distrubances * Proved to be an effective antipsychotic with very similar effects of choloropromazine * Their therapeutic effects didnt occur until 2-3 weeks after the beginning of therapy and both drugs started to produce side effects * Mild tremors at rest muscluar rigidity and a decrease involuntary movement
51
What is the mechanism of action of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine
* A receptor blocker at dopamine synapses * The first receptor blocker to be identified and its discovery changed psychopharmcology
52
What are the two types of categories of depression
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorders
53
MDD
* Involves more severe symptoms that interfere with daily life for at least two weeks * Intense episodes of depressed mood or loss of interest in activies
54
PDD
* Involves less severe symptoms that persist for at least two years * Dysthymia involves a milder but longe lasting form of depression individuals iwth PDD experince symptoms most days for at least two years but they dont experience the more severe symptoms of MDD
55
How did the cheese factor contribute to the falling out of fashion of MAO inhibitors What effects did they have on bodys processing of tyramine rich foods
* Cheese contains significant amounts of tyramine an amino acid that is coverted to norepinephrine in the body * Norephephrine is a neurotransmitter that raises blood rpessure * MAOIs by inhibitng monoamine oxidase prevent the breakdown of tryanmine leading to an accumulation of noprepineprhine * This buildup of noprepineprhine can cause a sudden and dangerous rise in blood pressure known as hyptensive crisis
56
Chronic deep brain stimulation of the subcortical white matter to which are of the prefrontal cortex effectively improves treatment resistant depression
Anterior cinulgate gryus
57
What is the monoamine theory of depression
* May be due to underacvity at serotonin and norepinephrine synapses * evidence that certain noreprphine and serotonin receptors are elevated in untreated depressed patints * this may be due to low levels of transmitters eliciting and other neurotransmitters are known to be involved with depression * All clinically effective reuptake inhibtiors are serotonin and/or norepinepprhine agonists
58
What does BDNF mean
* brain derived neurotrophic factor * A protein that plays a vital role in neuronal development surviala and plasticity involved in learning memory and various brain functions and its levels can be infleunced by factors like exercise stress and certain diseases
59
How is BDNF related to the current treatments for depression
Depressed patients often have lower BDNF levels and antidperssants medications tend to increase BDNF levels in the brain suggesting that it plays a role in the antidepressant response
60
What is the reward hypersensitivity theory of bipolar disorder
* Repeadly rewarding patients for their acitivites leads to excessive goal seeking and ultiamely to hypomania or mania * When people with bipolar disorder fail to acheive their goals this leads to an excessive decrease in reward seeking and to depression * increased acitivty in the prefrontal and straital reward circutis in both depressive and manic states * Euthymic (no other symptoms) bipolar diosrder patients make riskier choices than heathlier controls
61
Describe the 4 different types of anxiety disorders
* Generalized anxiety Excessive anxiety and worry about mnay different activites and events * Specfic phobias Induces avoidance of the anxiety producing object or situation * Agoraphobia More incapactating that most specific phobias it has its wn DSM category * Panic disorder Can be distinct with other types of anxiety disorders
62
What is the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines
Increase the binding of GABA-A to its receptors
63
What disorders do benzos treat and what are their effects on the nervous system
* treats anxiety disorders * hypontics muscles relaxants and anticonvolusants * side effects include tremors nausea and addiction
64
What are the phases of drug development
* Basic research * Discovery of the drug developemnt of efficeint mehtods of synthesis and testing with animal models * Application to begin clicnal trials and the review of basic research by government agency * Human clicnal trials * Phases 1-3 * Application to begin marketing and review of results of clinical trials by government agencies * Selling to the public * Recovering developing costs and continuing to monitor the safety of the drug
65
Specifically for human clinical trials what are the goals of each of the three phases
Phase 1 screening for safety and finding the maximum safe dose Phase 2 Establishing most effective doses and schedules of treatment Phase 3 Clear demonstrations that drug is therapeutic

biopsych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions