Biopsychology Flashcards

Question

Where is the parietal lobe found?

Answer 1

In the upper, back part of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 2

🔹Deals with HIGHER COGNITIVE PROCESSES, e.g. Decision making, problem solving, thinking, paying attention. 🔹Also influences our personality, behaviour and emotions. 🔹The LH side is called the Broca's area and is in charge of forming sentences. 🔹The RH side deals with creativity.

Answer 3

🔹Quickly processes and makes sense of visual information so that we can understand it. 🔹 Is in charge of our spatial awareness. 🔹 Contains the visual cortex.

Answer 4

🔹 Receives and processes different sounds, speech and pitches which are being transmitted from the ears so that ex can understand it. 🔹 High level auditory processing. 🔹 Contains primary auditory cortex. 🔹 Plays a part in understanding smell and hearing. 🔹 LH side is called Wernicke's areas and plays a part in understanding language.

Answer 5

🔹 Processes sensory information such as taste, temperature and touch. 🔹 Plays a part in understanding movement. 🔹 Also processes language and mathematics.

Answer 6

FIND ANSWER TO THIS

Answer 7

It is the 'master gland' the primary function of which is to influence the release of hormones from other glands.

Answer 8

To produce hormones which act on and target glands or cells. It produces ATCH, outright hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.

Answer 9

To produce hormones which act and target certain glands or cells. For example oxytocin. It decreases with age.

Answer 10

It influences life processes. For example it stimulates the contraction of the uterus during child birth, is important for mother and baby bonding, aids breast milk production and maintains health and repair.

Answer 11

A hormone produced in response to stress. It stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Answer 12

Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen, progesterone and the testes to produce sperm and testosterone (all the hormones you need to know about).

Answer 13

Two glands; the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex that sit on top of the kidneys. They produce hormones that are necessary for life and are vital in response to stress.

Answer 14

A gland that produces the hormones necessary for life such as cortisol and aldosterone.

Answer 15

Regulates or supports a number of bodily functions such as cardio-vascular activity and anti-inflammatory functions. If low, then blood pressure and poor immune system = a low ability to deal with stress.

Answer 16

Maintains blood volume and pressure.

Answer 17

A gland which produces stress related hormones such as adrenaline and non-adrenaline.

Answer 18

Adrenaline helps the body to respond to stressful situations by increasing breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure and flow and conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Answer 19

A system of sex organs which work together for the purpose of sexual reproductions. Many non-living substances such as fluids! hormones and pheromones are important.

Answer 20

It is produced in the testes. It is important in the development of male characteristics. For example growing facial hair, sex drive, sperm production, overall health and muscle strength and puberty. The hypothalamus instructs the pituitary on how much to produce.

Answer 21

A two part reproductive system that produces egg cells. They also produce progesterone and oestrogen.

Answer 22

It ripens the eggs for fertilisation.

Answer 23

It regulates the menstrual cycle and thickens the lining of the womb ready for after fertilisation.

Answer 24

FIND ANSWER TO THIS.

Answer 25

He suggested that our behaviour was based on survival of the fittest and that this was the result of evolution of our genes.

Answer 26

A collection of genetic material that is passed on from generation to generation.

Answer 27

The observable characteristics of am an individual that results from the genotype.

Answer 28

The passing of characteristics from one generation to the next.

Answer 29

The change over successive generations of the genetic make-up of a particular population.

Answer 30

🔹Whilst at work an Amercian crowbar became wedged into his skull, damaging his frontal cortex. 🔹Once removed he fell into a semi-comatose state. 🔹Once he awoke, he fully recovered however his personality had changed: he had become very rude, irritable, unsociable and unpleasant. 🔹This case study tells psychologists that different parts of the brain are responsible for different things, the frontal cortex is involved in personality and social behaviour and that not all parts of the brain are vital for life. 🔹It supports research into cerebral function controlling our character and behaviour.

Answer 31

A process in which a psychologist brings togetherness and analyses previous studies of the same aims to find an overall trend.

Answer 32

A term used in statistics to describe the rate of probability that 2 individuals will both have a certain characteristic give that one of the pair has the characteristic.

Answer 33

Twins that have developed from just one zygote that will then split and form 2 separate embryos. They share 100% genes.

Answer 34

Twins that develop from 2 different eggs; each are fertilised by 2 separate sperm cells. They share 50% of genes.

Answer 35

A - To investigate criminal behaviour in twins. P - Carried out a meta-analysis on twin studies on criminality. F - Dizygotic twins have concordance rates of between 13 & 22% where as monozygotic twins have concordance rates of between 26 & 51%. C - Sharing 50% genes results in concordance rates of 13 & 22%. But Sharing 109% genes results in concordance rates of 26 & 51%. Because this is not 100%, genes do not control our behaviours but do affect them. The rest must be sure to environmental factors. - Rutter's research suggests there is a link between genes and criminality. There are more criminal monozygotic twins than dizygotic because they share more genes (that cause criminal behaviour).

Answer 36

🔹 A nerve cell which transports information throughout the nervous system. 🔹 Billions of them make up the nervous system. 🔹 Their membrane is a biochemical structure that allows the cell to conduct/transmit electrical activity called action potentials (nerve impulses). 🔹 Mammal neruons are covered in a mylein sheath (which are not found in primitive animals). It allows for electrical impulses to be quickly and efficiently transmitted along the cell. 🔹 There are gaps in the sheath called NODES OF RENVIER where the cell is exposed. Action potentials jump these gaps - this is called SALTATORY CONDUCTION. These are faster than normal transistors to allow for complex, cognitive functions.

Answer 37

🔹A cell which carry signals from the central nervous system to organs, glands and muscles to help them function. 🔹 They contain dendrites, a cell body, an axon, a mylein sheath, nodes of ranvier, and axon terminals.

Answer 38

🔹A neuron cell which alert the brain about the external and internal environment by processing information taken from one of the 5 senses. 🔹 They contain a receptor cell, a mylein sheath, an axon and a cell body.

Answer 39

🔹A cell which transports messages from one part of the central nervous system to another. They connect motor and sensory neurons. 🔹They contain a cell body, axon and pre-synaptic terminals.

Answer 40

The procces by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap between nerve cells (the synapse) by chemicals called neurotransmitters. The nerve impulses are electrical signals.

Answer 41

AXON, a TERMINAL BUTTON, in which is a SYNAPTIC VESTICLE containing NEURO-TRANSMITTERS, a SYNAPTIC CLEFT, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, RECEPTOR SITES (for the neurotransmitter to be received after being released across the cleft) and a DENDRITE or CELL BODY of receiving neuron.

Answer 42

1) An action potential reaches the terminal button of its nerve cell. 2) The action potential must cross the synaptic cleft, the gap between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. 3) At the end of an axon is a sac containing neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) called a synaptic vesticle. 4) Once an action potential has reached the synaptic vesicle, it releases a chemical in a process called exocytosis. 5) This causes neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft. They bind to the receptor sites of the receiving cell and activate the production of either excitatory or inhibitory effects. 6) This whole process takes a fraction of a second.

Answer 43

🔹 A nerve cell which transports information throughout the nervous system. 🔹 Billions of them make up the nervous system. 🔹 Their membrane is a biochemical structure that allows the cell to conduct/transmit electrical activity called action potentials (nerve impulses). 🔹 Mammal neruons are covered in a mylein sheath (which are not found in primitive animals). It allows for electrical impulses to be quickly and efficiently transmitted along the cell. 🔹 There are gaps in the sheath called NODES OF RENVIER where the cell is exposed. Action potentials jump these gaps - this is called SALTATORY CONDUCTION. These are faster than normal transistors to allow for complex, cognitive functions.

Answer 44

🔹A cell which carry signals from the central nervous system to organs, glands and muscles to help them function. 🔹 They contain dendrites, a cell body, an axon, a mylein sheath, nodes of ranvier, and axon terminals.

Answer 45

🔹A neuron cell which alerts the brain about the external and internal environment by processing information taken from one of the 5 senses. 🔹 They contain a receptor cell, a mylein sheath, an axon and a cell body.

Answer 46

🔹A cell which transports messages from one part of the central nervous system to another. They connect motor and sensory neurons. 🔹They contain a cell body, axon and pre-synaptic terminals.

Answer 47

The procces by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap between nerve cells (the synapse) by chemicals called neurotransmitters. The nerve impulses are electrical signals.

Answer 48

AXON, a TERMINAL BUTTON, in which is a SYNAPTIC VESTICLE containing NEURO-TRANSMITTERS, a SYNAPTIC CLEFT, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, RECEPTOR SITES (for the neurotransmitter to be received after being released across the cleft) and a DENDRITE or CELL BODY of receiving neuron.

Answer 49

1) An action potential reaches the terminal button of its nerve cell. 2) The action potential must cross the synaptic cleft, the gap between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. 3) At the end of an axon is a sac containing neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) called a synaptic vesticle. 4) Once an action potential has reached the synaptic vesicle, it releases a chemical in a process called exocytosis. 5) This causes neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft. They bind to the receptor sites of the receiving cell and activate the production of either excitatory or inhibitory effects. 6) This whole process takes a fraction of a second.

Answer 50

🔹 Only certain neurotransmitters can unlock a message in certain receptors in the post-synaptic neuron. ⬇️ 🔹 When the right neurotransmitter meets the right receptor, a specific ion channel in the membrane is opened up. ⬇️ 🔹 Ions flows through the membrane into the neuron along their specific pathways. 🔹 This flooding of ions can cause a 'potential' in the dendrite which is either excitatory or inhibitory.

Answer 51

The transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane.

Answer 52

A receptor that makes it more likely for the neuron to fire and so if a synapse is more likely to cause the post-synaptic neuron to fire it is called an excitatory synapse.

Answer 53

A receptor that makes it less likely for the neuron to fire and so if a message is likely to be stopped at the post-synaptic neuron to fire it is called an inhibitory synapse.

Answer 54

✅ - Von Dawans et al (2012) found that stress can lead to greater cooperation and friendlier behaviour between both men and women, for the protection of social relationships. This disproves he idea of low generalisability and gender bias within the flight or flight response theory. ✅ - Application to real life - e.g. Drugs have been used to treat depression - can help to treat mentally ill people. ✅ - Is reliable + objective - has supporting empirical evidence that have been gathered by empirical evidence - e.g. Lee and Harley (2012) conducted genetic investigation in a laboratory environment. ❌ - Androcentric - e.g. Lee and Harley (2012) found a genetic basis for gender differences in the fight or flight response. They found that the SRY gene is only present in the male Y chromosomes promotes aggression and primes them for the fight or flight response. The absence of this gene in women alongside the secretion of oxytocin prevents them in engaging in the same response - LOW GENERALISABILITY. ❌ - REDUCTIONIST - Gray (1988) found people are likely to have a 'freeze response' when faced with stress to allow for the individual to be hyper vigilant to threats, not to avoid confrontation - this suggests that different people behave differently and ignores other responses such as biological ones - INVALID. ❌ - LOW HISTORICAL VALIDITY - stressor of modern day life rarely require the physical activity that the fight or flight prepares the body for - LOW APPLICATION TO REAL LIFE - such activities can be counterproductive and cause long-term damage such as heart-disease. ❌ - ANDROCENTRIC - Taylor (2000) found that women are more likely to respond to stressful situations by 'tending and befriending' - this is due to their evolutionary role as a main care giver because fleeing a situation would leave their offspring in danger - LOW GENERALISABILITY - as it only focuses on women. ❌ - COMPARATIVE AND REDUCTIONIST - e.g. Riley found that the release of oxytocin in rats increases relaxation rates and decreases stress responses that are characteristics of fight or flight - LOW GENERALISABILITY.

Answer 55

A system that includes all of the nervous system throughout the body. It contains both sensory and motor neurons. 🔹 The CNS to the rest of the body = motor neurons. 🔹 The rest of the body to the CNS = sensory neurons.

Answer 56

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Bon both systems control the same organs but have opposite effects.

Answer 57

🔹 Transmits information to and from SENSES and to and from CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 🔹 Controls REFLEX ACTIONS - quick actions without the use of CNS. 🔹 Contains...SENSORY (afferent) PATHWAY + MOTOR (efferent) PATHWAY.

Answer 58

🔹 Transmits information to and from internal organs to sustain life processes/controls vital bodily functions. 🔹 Controls unconscious actions. 🔹 Contains SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - produces NORADRENALINE - stimulating effects/GENERALLY INCREASES BODILY ACTIVITIES. 🔹 Contains PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - produces ACETYLCHOLINE - inhibiting effects/ relaxes body after an emergency e.g. Slows blood pressure and heart rate/ GENERALLY MAINTAINS OR DECREASES BODILY ACTIVITIES.

Answer 59

A system that comprises of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 60

🔹 Contains a circuit of nerve cells that enable us to perform some simple reflexes without the direct involvement of the brain, e.g. The startle response. 🔹 Facilitates the the transferral of messages from the brain to the peripheral nervous system/relays information between brain and rest of the body. 🔹 The spinal cord is a pair of spinal nerves that connect with specific muscles and glands.

Answer 61

🔹 Is involved in psychological processes and it's main job is to se sure life is maintained. 🔹 Cerebellum - frontal lobe - Broca's area - forming sentences, speech, thought, higher cognitive processes, behaviour, emotion, personality, creativity regulating bodily processes and coordinating movement. - Occipital lobe - visual cortex, spatial awareness, processing visual information. - Parietal lobe - senses except smell, movement, language and mathematics. - Temporal lobe - primary auditory cortex, processes auditory information, senses = hearing and smell, LH side = Wernicke's areas - understanding language. 🔹Cerebrum - breathing reflexes and balance. 🔹Diencephalon - Thalamus - sends messages to cerebral cortex, contains relay stations for sensory input except smell. - Hypothalamus - homeostasis, controls pituitary glands, link between endocrine and nervous system, regulates sympathetic nervousness system. 🔹Brain stem - regulates automatic functions essential for life e.g. Heartbeat.

Biopsychology Flashcards

(85 cards)