Biopsychology

Question 1

Who identified the area of the brain that’s responsible for speech production?

Answer 1

Broca (1880s).

Question 2

Who identified the area of the brain that’s responsible for language comprehensive?

Answer 2

Wernicke (1880s).

Question 3

How does Peterson et al. (1988) support localisation of function?

Answer 3

Brain scans =

Wernicke lit up during listening task, Broca during reading task.

Question 4

Which neurological evidence supports localisation theory?

Answer 4

Dougherty et al. (2002) = cingulotomy =

1/3 of patients met criteria, 14% partially met criteria.

Question 5

Lashley (1950)?

Answer 5

Removed 10-50% of cortex from rats learning a maze =

• no area was more important in learning the maze.

Question 6

Gopnick et al. (1999)?

Answer 6

During infancy, the brain has about 15,000 synapses (age 2-3).

Question 7

Maguire et al. (2000)?

Answer 7

London taxi drivers =

• larger grey matter in posterior hippocampus (due to navigational skills).

Question 8

Draganski et al. (2006)?

Answer 8

Brain scans 3 months before and after exams =

• learning-induced changes seen in posterior hippocampus and parietal cortex - a result of the exams.

Question 9

Medina et al. (2007)?

Answer 9

Negative consequences of neural plasticity =

• brain retiring from prolonged drug use can result in dementia.

Question 10

Ramachandran and Hirstein (1998)?

Answer 10

Phantom limb syndrome =

• due to reorganisation in the somatosensory cortex.

Question 11

Bezzolat et al. (2012)?

Answer 11

Age and plasticity is complex =

• 40 years of golf training changed the neural representations of movements in 40-60 year olds.

Question 12

Which animal study supports plasticity?

Answer 12

Hubel and Wiesel (1963) =

• sewed one eye of kitten, eye still processed info.

Question 13

Schneider et al. (2014)?

Answer 13

The more brain time brain injury patients spent in education, the greater their chances of a disability-free recovery.

Question 14

Who conducted the split-brain research?

Answer 14

Sperry (1968).

Question 15

Pucetti (1977)?

Answer 15

The two hemispheres are so different, they are like separate brains.

Question 16

What did Siffre demonstrate about circadian rhythms?

Answer 16

Spent long periods in caves (3/6 months), his circadian rhythm settled to about 25 hours.

Question 17

Aschoff and Wever (1976)?

Answer 17

Participants spent 4 weeks in WW2 bunker =

• all but one extended circadian rhythm to 29 hours.

Question 18

Folkard et al. (1985)?

Answer 18

12 people lived in a cave for 3 weeks, have set times to sleep/wake =

• circadian rhythm sped up to 22 hours.

Question 19

Who applies studies of circadian rhythms to shift work?

Answer 19

Boivin et al. (1996) =

• shift workers lack concentration around 6 am, so mistakes and accidents are more likely.

Question 20

Who applies studies of circadian rhythms to the timing of dosing drugs?

Answer 20

Baraldo (2008) =

• drugs are effective at certain times of the day (guidelines on cancer and epilepsy drugs).

Question 21

How does Czeisler et al. (1999) criticise the studies of circadian rhythms?

Answer 21

They used artificial lights which could be a CV –> it can affect the circadian rhythm.

Question 22

What did Duffy et al. (2001) find about individual differences of the sleep/wake cycle?

Answer 22

Some people prefer to sleep/wake early (“larks”), and some the opposite (“owls”).

Question 23

Stern and McClintock (1998)?

Answer 23

Pheromones =

• studied 29 women with irregular periods = gave them pheromones of another women = their periods synchronised.

Question 24

How does Schank (2004) criticise the advantage of women synchronising periods as an infradian rhythm?

Answer 24

It would produce competition for highest quality males.

Question 25

Dement and Kleitman (1957)?

Answer 25

Evidence to support different stages of sleep =

• monitored sleep patterns of 9 participants.
• found evidence for stages of sleep, specifically REM sleep.

Question 26

Eastman et al. (1988)?

Answer 26

Practical application of SAD =

• phototherapy - relieves symptoms in up to 60% of sufferers.

Question 27

How does DeCoursey et al. (2000) show the influence of SCN on the sleep/wake cycle?

Answer 27

Destroyed SCN in 30 chipmunks =

• sleep/wake cycle disappeared and they died in 80 days (from predators).

Question 28

Ralph et al. (1990)?

Answer 28

Transplanted SCN cells from mutant hamsters (sleep/wake cycle of 20 hours) into foetal hamsters, who developed a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle.

Question 29

How does Campbell and Murphy demonstrate the response of skin cells to light as an influence in activating SCN?

Answer 29

Woke 15 participants and shone a light on the back of their knees at various times - producing a deviation in the sleep/wake cycle of up to 3 hours.

Question 30

Why is generalisation an issue of DeCoursey et al.’s study?

Answer 30

Because the animals are exposed to great harm and their cognitive processes aren’t as significant as humans.