Biopsychology: Localisation of function

Question 1

Where is the motor cortex located?

Answer 1

Frontal lobe, along pre-central gyrus

Question 2

What is mean by localisation of function?

Answer 2

Refers to the idea specific functions happen in specific areas of the brain

Question 3

What is the role of the motor cortex?

Answer 3

Responsible for the generation of voluntary movements

Question 4

How is the motor cortex located?

Answer 4

Bilaterally; motor cortex on the left hemisphere, controls MUSCLE movements on the right side of the body and vice versa

Question 5

What do different parts of the motor cortex do?

Answer 5

Different parts of the motor cortex exert control over different parts of the body

Question 6

How are regions arranged in the motor cortex?

Answer 6

Arranged logically: region that controls foot located next to region that controls leg

Question 7

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 7

Parietal lobe, along post-central gyrus

Question 8

What does the Somatosensory cortex do?

Answer 8

Detects sensory events arising from diff regions of brain

Question 9

What does the Postcentral gyrus do?

Answer 9

processes sensory info related to touch

Question 10

What does the Somatosensory cortex produce?

Answer 10

Produces sensations such as temperature, touch, temp and pain, which it then localises to specific body regions

Question 11

How is the Somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 11

Bilaterally; one side of the brain receives info about other side of the body

Question 12

Where is the auditory cortex located?

Answer 12

Temporal lobes

Question 13

Where do auditory pathways begin?

Answer 13

Cochlea (inner ear)

Question 14

Auditory processing: 1) Auditory pathways begin in the _______, where __________ are converted to _____ impulses

Answer 14

cochlea
sound waves
nerve

Question 15

Auditory processing: 2) Impulses travel via auditory _____ to auditory ______

Answer 15

nerve

cortex

Question 16

What happens in the cochlea

Answer 16

Soundwaves are converted to nerve impulses

Question 17

Auditory processing: What happens after sound waves are converted to nerve impulses during auditory processing?

Answer 17

to the auditory cortex via auditory nerve

Question 18

Auditory processing: 3) En-route to the brain, the nerve impulses pass through where?

Answer 18

Brain stem
Thalamus
Auditory cortex

Question 19

What happens in the brain stem during auditory processing?

Answer 19

Basic decoding occurs, e.g. duration and intensity of a sound

Question 20

What happens in the thalamus during auditory processing?

Answer 20

The thalamus, which acts a relay station and carries out further processing of auditory stimulus

Question 21

What happens in the auditory cortex during auditory processing?

Answer 21

Decoded sound is recognised and may result in an appropriate response.

Question 22

What is Unilateral destruction?

Answer 22

Damage to one side of the brain

Question 23

What does unilateral destruction result in?

Answer 23

Slight hearing loss

Question 24

What does bilateral destruction result in?

Answer 24

Cortical deafness

Question 25

Where is the visual cortex located?

Answer 25

Occipital lobe

Question 26

Visual processing: 1) visual processing beings in the._____, where_____enters and strikes the ______________

Answer 26

cochlea light photoreceptors

Question 27

Visual processing: 2) _____ impulses from the retina are transmitted to the _____ via the _____ nerve

Answer 27

Nerve brain optic

Question 28

Visual processing: 3) Majority of impulses terminate in the ________ which acts as a _____ _______, passing this info onto the ______ ______

Answer 28

thalamus relay station visual cortex

Question 29

Visual processing: Where do the majority of nerve impulses terminate?

Answer 29

Thalamus

Question 30

Visual processing: Where does info pass onto after being relayed by the thalamus?

Answer 30

Visual cortex

Question 31

Which hemisphere(s) is the visual cortex located in?

Answer 31

Both

Question 32

How is the visual cortex located within the brain?

Answer 32

Bilaterally; right hemisphere receives input from the left-hand side of the visual field and vice versa

Question 33

What does the visual cortex contain and what do these process?

Answer 33

Different areas which process different types of visual info such as colour, shape and movement

Question 34

Where is Broca's area located?

Answer 34

Posterior portion of LEFT frontal lobe

Question 35

What is Broca's area responsible for?

Answer 35

Speech production

Question 36

Patient Tan understood ________. but was unable to to _____ nor express _______ in writing

Answer 36

language speak thoughts

Question 37

What was patient Tan able to do?

Answer 37

Understand speech

Question 38

What did Broca do?

Answer 38

Conducted a post mortem study on patient Tan

Question 39

What did Broca find?

Answer 39

discovered a lesion on the left frontal lobe

Question 40

Why are Broca's findings significant?

Answer 40

He helped discover a language centre responsible for speech production in posterior frontal lobe in left hemisphere

Question 41

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 41

Posterior portion of left temporal lobe

Question 42

What is Wernicke's area responsible for?

Answer 42

Language comprehension

Question 43

What will a patient be able to do if they have damage to their Wernicke's area?

Answer 43

Able to speak but unable to comprehend language

Question 44

What did Wernicke find?

Answer 44

A patient has a lesion in posterior region of left temporal lobe

Question 45

A03 - Why do Aphasia cases support Localisation of function?

Answer 45

A - inability to understand/comprehend speech C - caused by stroke/head trauma E- expressive (unable to produce speech) = damage to Broca area R - receptive (unable to comprehend language) = damage to Wernicke's area S - shows importance of different brain regions in production of speech (Broca's) and comprehension of language (Wernickes)

Question 46

A03 - Weakness of aphasia cases

Answer 46

D - Dronkers et al - found lesion in Broca's area BUT ALSO FOUND O - other evidence suggesting other AREAS contributed to failure of speech production

Question 47

A03 - How do brain scanning techniques support Localisation of function?

Answer 47

Peterson - Demonstrated how: B - Broca area active during reading W - Wernickes area active during listening S - Shown by brain scans - clear cause and effect S- Suggests areas perform diff functions which control diff aspects of body. Reading = eyes Listening = ears

Question 48

A03 - Weakness of brain scanning technique?

Answer 48

Equipotentiality Lashley - B - basic motor functions = localised H - higher mental functions (e.g. empathy) = aren't C - claimed after brain injury, intact areas of cortex can take over responsibility for specific cognitive functions O - suggests functions aren't localised, as Other regions can take over S - So, brain is so complex, no one part acts independently, instead, works as a unit.

Question 49

A03- which researcher gives support for brain scanning techniques?

Answer 49

Peterson

Question 50

A03- which research gave evidence against localisation of function in terms of equipotentiality

Answer 50

Lashley