Biopsychology Part One

Question 1

What is Biopsychology?

Answer 1

application of principles of biology to the study of: -physiological -genetic -developmental mechanisms of behaviour

Question 2

Label the parts of the brain shown here and name their primary functions

Answer 2

1. Frontal Lobe: Anterior (front) portion > Personality/ Posterior (back) portion > Motor control
2. Central Fissure : Separates prefrontal and postfrontal Gyri
3. Parietal lobe: Sensation
4. Lateral Fissure: Separates the frontal lobe and temporal lobe
5. Temporal Lobe: Hearing
6. Occipital Lobe: Vision

Question 3

What is the function of the:

1. PRE-CENTRAL gyrus
2. POST CENTRAL gyrus?

Answer 3

1. pre central gyrus: motor cortex
2. post central gyrus: Somatosensory cortex

Question 4

Label each of the parts of the brain:

Answer 4

1. Fore brain:
2. Telencephalon
3. Diencephalon
4. Midbrain:
5. Mesencephalon
6. Hindbrain:
7. Metencephalon
8. Myencephalon

Question 5

What structures are included in the Diencephalon (Forebrain) and what are their functions?

Answer 5

• Pituitary gland:“Master gland” produces hormones that act on other parts of the endocrine system
• Hypothalamus: regulates motivated behaviours (non-reflex) by controlling release of hormones from pituitary gland
• Thalamus: Major relay station for info to cortex

Question 6

Name the structures of the Forebrain - Diencephalon shown below:

Answer 6

1. Thalamus (dispatch! relay station to cortex)
2. Hypothalamus (control hormones)
3. Pituitary gland (hormone production)

Question 7

What are Nuclei?

Answer 7

A cluster of densely packed cell bodies of neurons in the Central Nervous System

Question 8

What are two important Nuclei of the hypothalamus and their functions?

Answer 8

1. Mammilary bodies: Memory
2. Pituitary gland: Hormone production
3. Optic Chiasma : Vision

Question 9

What are Ganglia?

Answer 9

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

Question 10

What is a tract?

Answer 10

Bundles of axons in the CNS

Question 11

What is a nerve?

Answer 11

Bundles of axons in the PNS

Question 12

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

What kind of nerves is it made up of?

Answer 12

carries info to the CNS from the senses and from the CNS to the skeltal muscles

Afferent - sensory nerves

Efferent - motor nerves

Question 13

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

What kind of nerves is it made up of?

Answer 13

Regulating internal environment, carries info from the CNS to organs, blood vessels and glands

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nerves >both are efferent (motor nerves),

also has afferent nerves (sensory)

Question 14

What are two characteristics of the Sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 14

1. “fight or flight response”
2. second stage neurons are far from the target organ

Question 15

What are two characteristics of the Parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 15

1. “Rest and restore”
2. Second stage neurons are near to the target organ

Question 16

How many cranial nerves are there?

Are they sensory or motor?

Answer 16

12 - both Autonomic (sympoathetic/parasympathetic) and Somatic (afferent/efferent)

sensory and motor components to most of them

Question 17

What are the three meninges encasing the CNS?

Answer 17

1. Dura mater (tough)
2. Arachnoid membrane (web-like)
3. Pia mater (Adheres to CNS surface)

Question 18

name the meninges shown below:

Answer 18

1. Sub arachnoid space
2. Dura mater
3. Arachnoid mater
4. Pia Mater

Question 19

What are two main types of protection for the brain?

Answer 19

Chemical:

Blood-brain barrier > tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of molecules

Physical:

Skull, meninges, Cerbrospinal fluid

Question 20

Label the follwing neuron components and types:

Answer 20

1. Dendrites
2. Cell body (soma)
3. Axon
4. Unipolar Neuron
5. Bipolar neuron
6. Multipolar neuron
7. Multipolar neuron

Question 21

What are glial cells?

What type are found in the CNS?

What type are found in the PNS?

Answer 21

Glial cells surround neurons and provide support as well as insulation

CNS: Oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath), astrocytes (blood-brain barrier), microglial cells (injury response)

PNS: Schwann cells (myelin sheath)

Question 22

Which glial cells can regenerate?

Answer 22

PNS axons - Schwann cells can regenerate

Question 23

What are the spaes between myelin called?

Answer 23

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 24

Which are the most abundant CNS Neuroglia?

Answer 24

Astrocytes

Question 25

What are the two staining types for neuroanatomy?

Answer 25

**Golgi Stain:** some neurons turn black and you can see the cell body and dendritic tree NOT the axon **Nissl Stain:** Selectively stains cell bodies - good for seeing organization of cell bodies

Question 26

What technique provides details about the neuronal structure?

Answer 26

Electron Microscopy

Question 27

What is anterograde tracing? What is Retrograde tracing?

Answer 27

**Anterograde:** Tracing where axons are projecting to \> dye taken from cell body down axon **Retrograde:** Tracing where soma are located for axons projecting into an area\> dye taken up axon to cell body

Question 28

Name the following sections of the brain:

Answer 28

1. Saggital plane 2. Horizontal plane 3. Cross section 4. Frontal Plane

Question 29

What types of neurons are located on the dorsal aspect fo the spinal cord? On the Ventral aspect?

Answer 29

**Dorsal:** Afferent (sensory) **Ventral:** Efferent (motor)

Question 30

Name the parts of the spinal cord shown below:

Answer 30

1. Dorsal Horn (grey matter goes to back) 2. Dorsal root ganglion 3. Ventral Horn (white matter goes to front)

Question 31

What types of neurons are on the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord? The ventral aspect?

Answer 31

Dorsal: Afferent (sensory) \> soma is located OUTSIDE spinal cord Ventral: Efferent (motor) \> Soma is located INSIDE spinal cord

Question 32

What is the name and order of the spinal cord segments from top to bottom?

Answer 32

1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral/coccygeal

Question 33

What are two types of spinal reflexes?

Answer 33

Flexor: excitatory - pull away from pain-causing Myotatic: Strecth reflex (ex. holding up a heavy tray)