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MCQ1 > BIOS4001 final exam > Flashcards

BIOS4001 final exam Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

levels of organisation in the body

A

molecules- chemical level of organisation
to
cells- building blocks of body
to
tissues- groups of cells with sim structure and function
to
organs- collection of tissue
which makes up systems
which makes up the organism- the human

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2
Q

what is homeostatsis

A

control of physiological variables within a normal range around a set point

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3
Q

what levels shoul things be homeostatsis

A

blood glucose- 3.5-6 mM
blood osmolarity- 280-295 mOsM
body temp- 36.5-37.5
arterial blood pressure- 120/80 mmHg
arterial pO2 80-100 mmHg
arterial pH, 7.35-7.45

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4
Q

Organs of nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • peripheral nerves
  • sense organs
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5
Q

Central Nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • process and coordinates sensory data (input), motor commands (output) and higher functions of brain like memory
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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • nerves and sense organs such as eyes
  • connects nervous systems with other systems, delivers sensory info to CNS, carry motor commands to pheripheral tissues
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7
Q

equilibrium potentials

A

of an ion is voltage thats achieved when the plasma mebrane is exclusively permeable to that ion

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8
Q

graded potential

A
  • temp localized change in resting potential
  • caused by stimulus
  • amplitude signal
    -sets up for second type of potential, action potential
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9
Q

action potential

A
  • produced by graded potential that exceeds a threshold
  • propagates along surface of aon to nerve terminal and synapse
  • electrical impulse and frequency signal
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10
Q

synaptic activity

A
  • releases neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane
  • produces graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane
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11
Q

information processing

A

response (integration of stimuli) of the postsynaptic cell

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12
Q

sensory pathways

A

depolarisation of sensory receptor- action potential generated- propagation

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13
Q

Pheripheral nervous system- somatic nervous system

A

–Somatic motor system
-control of skeletal muscle contractions
–Innervation of skeletal muscle
-the neuromuscular junction
-motor units

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14
Q

pheripheral nervous system- autonomic nervous system

A

The Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

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15
Q

endocrine system- hypothalamus and pituitary gland hormones

A

head of endocrine
posterior pituitary gland
- antidiuretic hormone- water reabsorption of the kidney
- oxytocin- woman stuff
anterior pituitary gland
- ACTH- secretion of cortisol
- TSH- growth and activity of thyroid gland
- growth hormone- excess = acromegaly deficiency= dwarfism

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16
Q

endocrine- adrenal gland

A

cortisol
deficiency= addisons disease
excess= cushings syndrome

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17
Q

endocrine- thyroid

A

thyroxine
deficiency- hypothyroidism
excess- hyperthyroidism

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18
Q

endocrine- parathyroid

A

PTH secreted in responsde to low blood Ca2+

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19
Q

endocrine- pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon
diabetes

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20
Q

cardiac cycle 5 stages

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Ventricular diastole: active ventricular filling (atrial systole)
  2. Ventricular systole: isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular systole: ejection phase
  4. Ventricular diastole: isovolumetric relaxation
  5. Ventricular diastole: passive ventricular filling
21
Q

functions of blood

Study These Flashcards
A

Mainly: Transports gas, nutrients (gut, adipose, liver),
signalling molecules (hormones) and metabolic wastes
* to 75 trillion cells!…these can die after just minutes without it
* Regulates body temperature (sweating, vasoconstriction)
* Buffers and balances pH and Ion (lactic acid, calcium…)
* Defends against pathogens and toxins (white blood cells)
* Restricts fluid loss at injury sites (clotting)
* ……Hydraulic functions (Reproduction!)

22
Q

functions of the gastrointestinal system

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A

regulated intake of food and water
conversion of food into nutrients
absorption of nutrients and water
energy storage
excretion of waste products
protection against bacteria and toxins

23
Q

processes of the gastrointestinal system

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A

sensory inputs: appetite, taste, smell, sight
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
secretion, absorption and excretion
regulation by nerves, hormones and local factors

24
Q

structure of the oral cavity

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A

mechanical breakdown of food- teeth, tongue, muscles
chemical breakdown of food- amylase and lipase in saliva
swallowing reflex to move food bolus into pharynx and oesophagus

25
functions of saliva
maintains oral hygeine aids initial stages of digestion facilitates speech and taset
26
functions of the stomach
mechanical breakdown of food chemical breakdown of food – gastric acid, pepsin, lipase protection against ingested bacteria and toxins production of intrinsic factor for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 reservoir for storage of food and regulated input to duodenum regulation of appetite via stretch of the stomach and ghrelin
27
gastric emptying
movement of chyme into duodenum at controlled rate changes in pyloric sphincter tone rate dependent on food composition and volume inhibitory: CCK, secretin, GIP, enterogastric reflexes
28
Migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)
wave of electrical activity from 4-5 hours after last meal mediated by motilin release from upper intestines movement of air and fluid through the stomach and intestines house-keeping mechanism to clear debris and prevent colonic bacteria entering the ileum
29
what makes up the small intestines
duodenum jejunum ileum
30
what makes up large intestines
caecum colon
31
small intestines- duodenum
villi and crypts for nutrient absorption Brunner’s glands for secretion of alkaline fluid to neutralise gastric acid site of delivery of pancreatic digestive enzymes site of delivery of bile
32
functions of bile
digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) emulsification of large lipid droplets to increase surface area for lipase activity formation of micelles for transport and absorption route of excretion for bilirubin and other substances, such as toxins alkaline fluid buffers gastric acid anti-bacterial properties
33
absorption in small intestines
carbohydrate digestion by enzymes in digestive secretions and intestinal brush border facilitated transport across intestinal cell using sodium-dependent and independent GLUT transporters
34
absorption in small intestines proteins
protein digestion to peptides and amino acids by enzymes in digestive secretions and intestinal brush border facilitated transport across intestinal cell using Na+-dependent amino acid symporter and peptide transporters
35
gut motility in small intestines
Peristalsis Law of the Intestine (Bayliss and Starling, 1899): when a bolus of material is placed in the intestine, it contacts behind the bolus and relaxes ahead mixes and moves food forward along GI tract: oral to anal Segmentation contractions of circular muscle at alternate intervals mixes chyme with digestive secretions and brings fresh chyme in contact with mucosal surface
36
functions of large intestines
storage of indigestible food waste and excretion as faeces reabsorption of water gut microbiome synthesis of vitamins K, B5, B7, B9 ferment fibre to short chain fatty acids defence against pathogens maintenance of gut epithelium signals to brain and other tissues
37
gut motility in large intestines
tone of ileocaecal sphincter mass movements (propulsion) and haustration (mixing) autonomic nervous activity gastrointestinal tract reflexes tone of anal sphincters internal and external sphincters conscious and autonomic reflexes
38
functions of testes
production of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis) synthesis and secretion of sex hormones
39
functions of sertoli cells
sexual differentiation of male phenotype control of spermatogenesis mechanical support nutritional support production of seminiferous fluid formation of blood-testis barrier
40
maturational changes in the epididymis
sperm develop capacity to swim change to surface of sperm head and formation of glycoprotein coat change in metabolism from use of glucose stores to external fructose change in sperm structure and loss of cytoplasmic droplet
41
transport to site of fertilisation
sperm movement 4-5 mm/min uterine contractions, promoted by oestrogens, prostaglandins and oxytocin uterine cilia, stimulated by oestrogens
42
functions of the ovaries
production of oocytes (oogenesis) synthesis and secretion of sex hormones
43
oogenesis
Regular cyclic release of ova at ovulation Cyclic production of ova and steroids Few oocytes released Mitosis completed by birth when all oogonia become primary oocytes No self-renewal Finite number of gametes 1 primary oocyte produces only 1 mature ovum
44
follicular phase
- oestrogen - cervical mucus aquesous, protein filament channels - cervical muscle tone is relaxed
45
luteal phase
- progesterone - cervical mucus mucous, protein filament mesh - cervical muscle tone constricted
46
factors affecting fertility
age: puberty and menopause genetic and developmental factors pathological factors physiological factors pharmacological factors
47
physiological changes at puberty
physiological, anatomical and behavioural changes in the growing individual activation of the gonads from juvenile to adult state, 9-14 years of age onset of fertility: first menstruation (menarche) and first ejaculation appearance of secondary sexual characteristics growth spurt and changes in body composition psychological effects
48
factors affecting age of puberty
genetic factors: 50% of variation, especially mother and daughter health and nutrition body mass and composition
49
pathological factors of fertility
obstructive diseases chylamydia thyroid hormone disorders autoimmune disease, mumps smoking, anabolic steroids, pesticides diabetes, spinal injury cryptorchidism, varicoceles

MCQ1 (5 decks)

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