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i&i wc1 > Biosafety > Flashcards

Biosafety Flashcards

1
Q

What is biosafety?

A

Measures to prevent exposure to (potentially) dangerous pathogens

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2
Q

Which micro-organisms are subject to biosafety procedures?

A

Micro-organisms that can cause disease and their GMOs

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3
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Genetically modified organisms

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4
Q

Which four factors are used to classify micro-organisms?

A
  1. Pathogenicity (before/after GMO)
  2. Severity of disease
  3. Chance of spreading into the environment
  4. Availability of prophylaxis/treatment
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5
Q

What are characteristics of class 1 pathogens? What are examples?

A

Non-pathogenic
Examples: yeasts, E. coli lab strains

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6
Q

What are characteristics of class 2 pathogens? What are examples?

A

Pathogenic micro-organisms, but prophylaxes/treatment available & with no risk of spread into the population
Examples: HBV, measles, salmonella, legionella

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7
Q

What are characteristics of class 3 pathogens? What are examples? (4)

A

Pathogenic micro-organisms with a risk of spread into the population, but with prophylaxes/treatment available
Examples: tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, HIV

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8
Q

What are characteristics of class 4 pathogens? What are examples?

A

Pathogenic micro-organisms with a risk of spread into the population and with no prophylaxes/treatment available
Examples: Lassa, Ebola, Marburg

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9
Q

For which purposes are GMOs produced? (2)

A
  1. Investigation of the function of a certain gene
  2. Production of substances
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10
Q

Which kind of experiments are conducted to investigate the function of genes, leading to the production of GMOs? (4)

A
  1. Inactivation (knock-out)
  2. Overexpression
  3. Mutation
  4. Tracking, tracing or measuring proteins
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11
Q

What are the specific risks of GMOs? (2)

A
  1. Disturbances of natural balance when introduced into the environment
  2. Transfer of genetically modified material to non-GMOs
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12
Q

Who is in charge of overseeing procedures concerning GMOs?

A

Biosafety officers

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13
Q

Which GMO-specific legislation are in place that determine how they are to be handled? (2)

A
  1. Decree GMO
  2. Regulation GMI
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14
Q

What are the functions of the biosafety officer? (3)

A
  1. Controls and guarantees activities with potentially dangerous (micro-)organisms
  2. Advice & eduction
  3. Acting in case of GMO incidents/calamities
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15
Q

How many levels of containment of micro-organisms are there?

A

4

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16
Q

Which containment is enforced when genetically modified micro-organisms are present?

A

ML-I, -II, -III, -IV -> depending on the class of pathogens

17
Q

What containment is enforced when animals + genetically modified organisms are present?

A

DM-I, -II, -III, -IV -> depending on the class of pathogens

18
Q

What containment is enforced when working with non-GMO micro-organism?

A

BSL-2, -3, -4 -> depending on the class of pathogens

19
Q

Why is there no (A)BSL-1 containment level?

A

Non-GMO micro-organisms of class 1 don’t require containment

20
Q

What containment is enforced when working with animals + non-GMO modified micro-organisms?

A

ABSL-2, -3, -4 -> depending on the class of pathogens

21
Q

Which kind of operating procedures fall under the biosafety containment procedures? (8)

A
  1. Safe microbiological practice course
  2. Presence of desinfection
  3. Appropriate disposal of waste
  4. Storage of GMOs
  5. Physical seperation between GMOs and non-GMOs
  6. Transport of GMOs
  7. Protocols for incidents, accidents, calamities
  8. Working procedures manual in the lab
22
Q

GMOs can be applied in human gene therapy (for instance modified viruses). What is the danger in this?

A

GMOs are introduced into the environment

23
Q

What kind of permit is required to be able to introduce GMOs into the environment?

A

Introductie in het Milieu, Medisch-Veterinair = IM-VM

24
Q

Who is in charge of overseeing gene therapy that could lead to introduction of GMOs into the environment?

A

Environmental safety officer (ESO)

25
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Protection, control and accountability for biological materials within laboratories in order to prevent unauthorized access, loss, theft, misure or intentional release

26
Q

Which classes of pathogens are subject to biosecurity measures?

A

(Mostly) class 3 & 4

27
Q

Why does the BSL-level vary when working with avian influenza?

A

Depends on the pathogenicity of influenza -> high-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) vs. low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)

28
Q

What determines the difference between HPAI and LPAI?

A

Insertions in the hemagluttinin gene could lead to a multi-basic cleavage site, increasing pathogenicity

29
Q

What is the difference between pathogenicity of a monobasic vs. a multibasic cleavage site in avian influenza?

A

Monobasic can only be cleaved by trypsin-like proteases, which are present in limited amounts in birds
Multibasic can also be cleaved by furin-like proteases, which are more abundant

30
Q

What is ‘dual use research of concern’?

A

Research than can be reasonably anticipated to provide knowledge, products or technologies that could be directly misapplied by others to pose a threat to public health and safety

31
Q

What is an important example of ‘dual use research of concern’?

A

Gain of function research

32
Q

What are examples of gain of function research? (6)

A
  1. Increasing virulence of pathogens
  2. Overcoming immunity against pathogens
  3. Increasing transmission of pathogens
  4. Changing pathogen tropism
  5. Increasing host susceptibility
  6. Regenerating extinct pathogens

i&i wc1 (20 decks)

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