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Biology > BIOSCI 107 Blood and Immune Short Answers > Flashcards

BIOSCI 107 Blood and Immune Short Answers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Factors Ensured by Blood Pressure?

A

Even/efficient flow through small capillaries, low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

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2
Q

Which Cells are found in Blood?

A

Erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid.

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3
Q

Which Proteins are found in Blood?

A

Albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins.

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4
Q

Which Lipids are found in Blood?

A

Bound in lipoproteins: HDL, LDL, VLDL.

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5
Q

Which Electrolytes are found in Blood?

A

HCO3, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, K, creatine, creatinine.

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6
Q

What are the 6 Major Components of Blood?

A

Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins/hormone, glucose.

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7
Q

What % of Blood are Plasma and Red Blood Cells?

A

Plasma: 55%

Red Blood Cells: 45%

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8
Q

What are the 2 Functions of Albumin Protein?

A

Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure, binds and transports many small molecules and hormones.

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9
Q

How is Fibrinogen Protein Activated?

A

Through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin.

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10
Q

What is Blood Plasma?

A

The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells.

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11
Q

What is Blood Serum?

A

Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.

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12
Q

What are Immunoglobulins in Blood?

A

Diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins - produced by B lymphocytes.

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13
Q

What is Complement in Blood?

A

9 proteins that coat bacteria for phagocytosis targeting.

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14
Q

What are Coagulation Factors in Blood?

A

13 proteins cleaved in an order cascade, resulting in fibrinogen -> fibrin.

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15
Q

What is the Function of Electrolytes in Blood?

A

Isotonicity and buffering.

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16
Q

What is the Function of Erythrocytes in Blood?

A

Oxygen transport.

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17
Q

What is the Function of Leukocytes in Blood?

A

Immune defence.

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18
Q

What is the Function of Platelets in Blood?

A

Coagulation and tissue repair.

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19
Q

What are the 3 Factors that Drive Haematopoiesis?

A

GM-CSF, EPO, G-CSF.

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20
Q

What is GM-CSF in Haematopoiesis?

A

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

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21
Q

What is EPO in Haematopoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin.

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22
Q

What is G-CSF in Haematopoiesis?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

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23
Q

What is the Function of GM-CSF in Haematopoiesis?

A

Stimulates production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.

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24
Q

What is the Function of EPO in Haematopoiesis?

A

Drives production of erythrocyte precursors.

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25
Q

What is the Function of G-CSF in Haematopoiesis?

A

Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils.

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26
Q

How is the Association and Dissociation of O2 from Heme Regulated?

A

By the partial pressure of O2.

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27
Q

Why do Cells need Oxygen?

A

For use in the mitochondria.

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28
Q

What does Complement consist of?

A

A proteolytic activation cascade.

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29
Q

What is the most Abundant Complement Component in Serum?

A

C3.

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30
Q

Which Process is needed for Phagocytosis to occur?

A

Deposition of complement.

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31
Q

What is Opsonisation?

A

Complement coating.

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32
Q

What are Convertases?

A

Deposited complexes.

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33
Q

How are Convertases Bound?

A

Irreversibly bound though a covalent bond.

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34
Q

What are Anaphylotoxins?

A

Powerful chemoattractants produced through cleavage of C3, C4 and C5.

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35
Q

What is the MAC?

A

Membrane Attack Complex - a lytic port that cause some bacteria to lyse.

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36
Q

How is the Intrinsic Pathway Triggered?

A

By contact with surfaces.

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37
Q

How is the Extrinsic Pathway Triggered?

A

Tissue damage.

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38
Q

Which Enzyme is Common to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways?

A

Factor X (10).

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39
Q

What is Thrombin?

A

The enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which then cross-links.

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40
Q

What do many Parasites rely on?

A

The inhibition of Thrombin due to their powerful anti-coagulants.

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41
Q

What is Plasminogen?

A

A zymogen converted to active plasmin that dissolves a clot.

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42
Q

Which Plasminogen Activators are used to Treat Thrombosis?

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) or Streptokinase.

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43
Q

What does Innate Immunity do?

A

Provides an immediate response to pathogen challenge.

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44
Q

What are the 3 Processes of Innate Immunity in Mammals?

A

Complement, myeloid cells and phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors.

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45
Q

What are Parasites?

A

Complex multicellular organisms that require direct killing by chemical mediators released by granuloctyes and mast cells.

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46
Q

What are the 2 Main Bacteria Distinguished by Gram Stain?

A

Gram positive and gram negative.

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47
Q

What are Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall for defence, requires phagocytosis, not killed by complement.

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48
Q

What are Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane, can be lysed by complement MAC.

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49
Q

What are Complement Receptors?

A

Myeloid cell receptors that bind activated complement components deposited on bacteria.

50
Q

What is the main Neutrophil Receptor?

A

CR1, binding to C3b.

51
Q

What are the Best Known Pattern Recognition Receptors?

A

Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) - slinky.

52
Q

What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns?

A

Unique, very complex, evolutionarily stable, ‘power’ switch for adaptive response.

53
Q

What is Lipopolysaccharide?

A

LPS: membrane component of gram negative bacteria, induces innate response, pyrogen (causes fever).

54
Q

Why is LPS important in the Pharmaceutical Industry?

A

Common contaminant, must be removed from any human injections.

55
Q

What are the 2 Forms of Immune Defence?

A

Innate and adaptive.

56
Q

What is the Major Difference between Viruses and Bacteria?

A

Viruses are intracellular, bacteria are mostly extracellular.

57
Q

What are the 2 Main Innate Receptors?

A

CR and FcR.

58
Q

What are the Key Points of Adaptive Immunity?

A

Has memory, B cell affinity increases with time, each lymphocyte is a different antigen.

59
Q

What is the Secondary Response Adaptive Immunity Memory?

A

Secondary response is stronger and more rapid than the primary response.

60
Q

What happens to B Cell Affinity for Adaptive Immunity?

A

Affinity of B cells towards antigen increases with time and persistence of antigen.

61
Q

How are Different Antigens Produced for Adaptive Immunity?

A

Randomly produced by rearrangement of the genes coding for the B cell and T cell antigen receptors.

62
Q

What are the Ancient Transposases Called?

A

RAG1 and RAG2 (Recognition Activation Genes).

63
Q

What are Recognition Sequences?

A

Base pair sequences at the ends of all gene segments that are recognised by RAG1 and RAG2 for recombination.

64
Q

What is the Transposase?

A

The enzyme that operates on the transposon.

65
Q

What is a Transposon?

A

DNA sequences that can move positions in the genome.

66
Q

What is the Immunoglobulin Fold?

A

Two anti-parallel B-pleated sheets joined in the middle by a disulphide bond.

67
Q

What is the Ig domain called?

A

A B-Barrel.

68
Q

What does the Antibody Molecule Consist of?

A

4 chains made up of repeating Ig domains.

69
Q

How are the Chains linked in an Antibody Protein Structure?

A

1 H chain is disulphide linked to 1 L chain. The two chains are disulphide linked.

70
Q

What is the Effector Region is an Antibody Protein Structure?

A

Invariant and is bound by Fc receptors and complement component C1.

71
Q

What are the Two Forms of IgM?

A

Membrane bound (Monomer) and Soluble (Pentamer).

72
Q

What is the Membrane Form of IgM?

A

B-cell antigen receptor.

73
Q

How Many Antigen Binding Sites does the Soluble Form of IgM have?

A

10.

74
Q

What does IgM React with?

A

Reacts strongly to surfaces such as microbes through avidity binding.

75
Q

What is IgM good at?

A

Fixing complement.

76
Q

What is Affinity?

A

When the sum of the attractive molecular forces at two surfaces exceeds the repulsive forces.

77
Q

What is Avidity?

A

Multiple affinity contacts; like velcro.

78
Q

How does Molecule Function Change?

A

Ig molecules have different functions depending on the H chain.

79
Q

When can an Antibody have Complementarity?

A

An antibody can have complementarity to virtually anything - amino acid diversity is vast.

80
Q

When does Affinity Arise between Complementary Surfaces?

A

When the sum of attractive forces exceeds the sum of repulsive forces.

81
Q

How are Germ-line Ig and TcR Genes Segmented?

A

Into clusters called Variable, Diversity, Joining, Constant regions.

82
Q

What is Unique about the Light Chain?

A

It has no D segments.

83
Q

What are RAG1 and RAG2 Responsible for?

A

Rearrangement and are only active in B and T lymphocytes.

84
Q

What is VDJ Responsible for?

A

Join region codes for CDR3.

85
Q

When are most B Cells Generated?

A

Generated stochastically before birth.

86
Q

What does Somatic Hypermutation of the Ig Gene Result in?

A

Some clones with higher antigen receptor affinity.

87
Q

What Happens after Successive Rounds of Affinity Maturation for a Mature B Cell?

A

Mature B cell becomes a plasma cell secreting Ig.

88
Q

What is the Thymus?

A

A primary lymphoid organ that is largest at birth then shrinks with age.

89
Q

Where is the Thymus?

A

At the top of the pericardium above the heart.

90
Q

What happens to Most T Cells?

A

Only a small percentage of T cells survive the thymus as mature T cells. Most die from neglect.

91
Q

What Happens to T Cells that Survive the Thymus?

A

They have been “educated” to recognise self MHC molecules expressed in thymic tissue.

92
Q

What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

A

A set of highly polymorphic genes that were first identified as controlling tissue transplantation.

93
Q

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

A

React to your cells when there is a change in MHC class I molecules - they express a neo-antigen.

94
Q

What do Histocompatibility Genes do?

A

Control viral immunity.

95
Q

Which 2 Antigens does Viral Immunity Require?

A

Self and non-self.

96
Q

What is a Self Antigen?

A

Antigens encoded by MHC.

97
Q

What is a Non-Self Antigen?

A

Antigens encoded by the virus.

98
Q

What is MHC?

A

MHC refers to the genetic locus that regulates histocompatibility.

99
Q

What is HLA?

A

Refers to the 6 different molecules expressed on human cells.

100
Q

What is H2?

A

Refers to the antigens on mouse cells.

101
Q

What are 3 Class I Traits in Humans?

A

A, B, C.

102
Q

What are the 3 Class II Traits in Humans?

A

DR, DP, DQ.

103
Q

What are CD4 and CD8?

A

Accessory molecules that physically associate with the TcR.

104
Q

What is CD4?

A

Helper T cells that recognise antigens in MHC class II.

105
Q

What is CD8?

A

Cyotoxic T cells that recognise antigens in MHC class I.

106
Q

What is the Function of CD4?

A

Help T cells proliferate and produce cytokines that ‘help’ other cells.

107
Q

What is the Function of CD8?

A

CTL produces granzyme and preforins that punch holes in the targer cell membrane and destroy cell viability.

108
Q

How many Variations are there at each MHC Locus?

A

Hundreds.

109
Q

Why is MHC so Polymorphic?

A

Great variety of pathogens, particularly around the world.

110
Q

What are the 2 Major Consequences of MHC Polymorphism?

A

Tissue transplantation if difficult, strongly linked with susceptibility to many diseases.

111
Q

What is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

A

Atopic allergy - immediate.

112
Q

What is Type 2 Hypersensitivity?

A

Complement mediated - medium.

113
Q

What is Type 3 Hypersensitivity?

A

Serum sickness - medium.

114
Q

What is Type 4 Hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed Type - slow response.

115
Q

What is Cute Haemolytic Anaemia caused by?

A

A blood group antigen RhD on the surface of red blood cells.

116
Q

How are Allergies Treated?

A

Desensitisation - make high affinity IgG to compete with IgE.

117
Q

What are the 5 Pros of Mab as Therapeutic Agents?

A

Highly specific, tailor made affinity, stay in blood stream for months, no toxicity, can be made bi-specific.

118
Q

What are the 2 Cons of Mab as Therapeutic Agents?

A

Expensive, serious side effects.

119
Q

What is Anaphylaxis?

A

A serious complication when the mast cell activation occurs throughout the body.

120
Q

What are Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Single specificity antibodies that are now used as powerful new drugs to treat a range of conditions.

Biology (15 decks)

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