Bioscience Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
Clavicle
A
Colar bone
2
Q
Scapula
A
Shoulder bone/blade
3
Q
Humerus
A
Upper arm bone
4
Q
- Radius
A
Bone to your thumb
5
Q
Femur
A
Upper leg bone
6
Q
Tibia
A
Bone to your big toe
7
Q
What do you check on a newborn baby?
A
Skull
Clavicles
Upper limbs
Legs
Spine
Hips
8
Q
acetabulum
A
the socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits.
9
Q
Amniotomy marks
A
Small scratches on the baby. Check if the waters had to be broken during labour.
10
Q
Scalpel marks
A
Need to be noted and pointed out to parents
11
Q
Sturge-Weber syndrome
A
a congenital disorder which affects the skin, neological system, and eyes. No cure but not fatal.
12
Q
Blue spots
A
Very common. Most disappear but some stay for life. Flat blue or blue/grey spots with an irregular shape that commonly appear at birth or soon after
13
Q
Ventouse- chignon
A
a mark or swelling on babies delivered by ventouse
14
Q
Port wine birth mark
A
won’t disappear when you press and release
15
Q
strawberry hemangioma
A
Can be treated/shrunk with medication. A raised red skin growth may present at birth or develop during infancy. A hemangioma looks like a strawberry birthmark, but it’s a benign (noncancerous) tumour
16
Q
Cafe au lait (cafe O laigh) (neurofibromatosis)
A
The development of benign growths. Note them down. If more than 5 refer to genetics and plastics.
17
Q
Early Hemangioma
A
Can be treated/shrunk with medication.
Usually not spotted until a few weeks after the birth.
18
Q
Nevus simplex
A
a birth mark that will eventually disappear. When pressed it will disappear and come back. This is how you differentiate between nervous simplex and a port wine stain.
19
Q
sucking blister
A
a wound on the arm or upper arm caused by the baby sucking on its arm in utero. Will disappear in a day of two
20
Q
Erythemia toxicum
A
Rash of the newborn. NO CREAMS. It usually appears in the first few days after birth and fades within a week. Up to half of all newborns will have erythema toxicum (air-uh-THEE-muh TOK-sih-kum)
21
Q
What are the 4 types of pelvis?
A
gynecoid, android, anthropoid, and platypelloid
22
Q
Gynecoid pelvis
A
Rounded, Generous,
23
Q
Android pelvis
A
Heart-shaped, Narrow
24
Q
Anthropoid pelvis
A
Long oval, narrowed
25
Platypelloid pelvis
Kidney-shaped, wide
26
Pelvic brim
Anteroposterior, 11cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 13 cm
27
Pelvic cavity
Anteroposterior, 12cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 12 cm
28
Pelvic outlet
Anteroposterior, 13cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 11 cm
29
Symphysis pubis
a joint sandwiched between your left pelvic bone and your right pelvic bone.
30
congenital
means: born with
31
retinoblastoma
malignant retinal tumour
32
coloboma
malformation of the eye
33
aniridia
absent iris
34
rubella
German measles. Spotty rash. Can cause baby to be born blind.
Can not be vaccinated while pregnant.
35
symmetry and clarity of the cornea
a term baby should be similar to the width of
the practitioner’s little finger-tip, the roundness
and symmetry of the pupils
36
red reflex
Checked in the NIPE exam and 6 weeks.
This is the normal reflection of white light from the back
of the eye which is seen as a red glow in the
the pupil on ophthalmoscopy and is like the redeye effect seen in flash photography.
37
Congenital cataracts
Checked in the NIPE exam and 6 weeks.
When the lens of the eye is cloudy instead of clear at birth, making it hard to see
38
Pavlik harness
is a soft splint. It is most commonly used for treating infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip
39
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Severe sickness in pregnancy. This does not just happen in the morning.
40
Reflux oesophagitis
an inflammation of the lining of the gullet (oesophagus).
41
Mendelson’s syndrome
When stomach acid enters the lungs. This damages the lung tissue.
42
LMP
Last menstrual period
43
EDD
Est. due date
44
Centile Chart
Plot weight, length and head circumference
against age. Worried if they are below the 2nd centile.
45
Plantar surface
The palms of the feet. There will be creases in full-term babies.
46
rugae
This is the fold of the skin on the baby. Important to check the hands, feet and ears for creases and folds to check a baby has been born term.
47
Kernicterus-Basal
ganglia
brain damage caused by Bilirubin. Can cause hearing loss and cerebral palsy.
48
albumin
Is a protein made by your liver.
*Bilirubin-red blood cell
49
Physiological jaundice
*Days 3-5
*Extrauterine life
*Intestine re-absorption of
bilirubin if not excreted
50
Bilirubinometer
Used to check if a baby is jaundice after 24 hours old
51
Bilirubin
Is a fat-soluble substance
52
SBR
Serum bilirubin rate.
A blood test to check if a baby is jaundice before 24 hours
53
Polycythaemia
having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood.
This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs.
54
HDFN -Haemolytic disease of the newborn
(rhesus disease)
Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her baby's blood cells. It's also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN).
55
Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Very rare
*Pale stools
*Dark urine
*Biliary atresia
56
Prolonged jaundice
when the yellowness of your baby's skin and the whites of their eyes doesn't fade after 2 weeks in a full-term baby, and after 3 weeks in a premature baby.
57
Visceral pain
– pain from the organs
(viscera) of the thoracic, pelvic, or
abdominal regions
*1st & 2nd stages of labour
58
Acute pain
has a specific cause, usually
from tissue damage, inflammation, or a
disease process.
It usually lasts a specific amount of time, fading as whatever caused the pain is healed or resolved
59
Somatic pain
pain experienced in the skin,
muscles, bones and joints
*1st & 2nd stages of labour
60
Chronic pain
when the sensation of pain
lasts more than 6 months
61
nociceptive pain
pain arising from tissue damage
62
neuropathic pain
pain arising from damage to the nervous system
63
'other' pain
Pain arising from neurological dysfunction, not damage. Eg. fibermialga
64
nociceptive receptors
pain receptors
65
Nociceptors
are nerve endings of small
myelinated ‘A delta nerve’ fibres and
unmyelinated, ‘C’ nerve fibres
66
A-delta fibres
* “First” or “fast” pain is conducted by A-delta fibres which transmit quickly once stimulated
* Instant, sharp and localised pain
DO NOT respond or opioid painkillers - pethadone
*1st & 2nd stages of labour
67
C fibres
* “Second” pain is conducted by C fibres which transmit impulses more slowly
* Dull, burning, aching, throbbing, more widespread pain
*1st & 2nd stages of labour
68
spermatozoa
lives for 1-4 days
69
morula
8-16 cells. All the cells are the same and haven't differentiated yet
70
ovum
the egg, before it is fertalized, 'lives for less them 24 hours
71
trophoblast
the outside layer of cells, which will become the placenta
72
how many lobes in the right and left lung
3 on the right
2 on the left because the heart is on the left
73
Peak flow meter (PEF)
Measures how quickly you can blow air out of your lunks. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is measured in litres per minute. Normal adult peak flow scores range between around 400 and 700 litres per minute
74
Bronchi
* Smooth muscle
* Bronchodilatation-salbutamol
* Broncho constriction
75
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
76
Pulse
is created when the left ventricle contracts,
causing a series of pressure of waves within the arteries.
77
Bradycardia
below 60 beats per minute
78
Tachycardia
above 100 beats per minute
79
Amplitude
Check on the pulse rate: weak, faint, thread, strong or bounding
80
Pulse rate
Average 60-80 beats per minute for adults
81
Ductus venosus
oxygenated blood is directed from the umbilical vein
directly to the inferior vena cava
82
Foramen ovale
situated between the atria, through which blood flows to
bypass the pulmonary circulation
83
Ductus arteriosus
between the pulmonary arteries and the aorta, which further prevents blood flowing into the pulmonary circulation
84
Two hypogastric arteries
deoxygenated blood from the lower
extremities back through the umbilical arteries to the placenta
85
Slight hypoxia
Stimulates first breath
- due to the depression of placental
circulation during uterine contractions
86
Surfactant
A baby normally begins producing surfactant sometime between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. Most babies produce enough to breathe normally by week 34.
87
Apgar score
*Heart rate
* Respiratory effort
* Muscle tone
* Response to stimuli
* Colour
88
Dimensions of a pregnant uterus
30L/23W/30D cm
Weight 1000g
89
dimensions of a normal uterus
7.5L/5W/2.5D cm
Weight 90g
90
pelvic cavity measurements
all 12cm
91
pelvic outlet measurements
Anterior/posterior: 13cm
oblique: 12cm
transverse: 11cm
92
functions of the pelvis
Locomotion (movement)
Childbirth
It supports your bladder, urethra, bowel, vagina, uterus, rectum and anus.
93
pelvic brim measurements
Anterior/posterior: 11cm
oblique: 12cm
transverse: 13cm
94
bones in the fetal skull
Parietal (back left and right)
Frontal bones (front left and right)
Occipital bone (very back of the head)
95
suturs in the fetal skull
Sagital (anterior/posterior)
lambdoid (back)
coroal (transverse)
metopic (top)
96
When do the fontanelle's close
anterior = 18 months
posterior = 2 months
97
Caput succedaneum
Can cross suture lines.
Swelling of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during a head-first (vertex) delivery.
98
Cephalohaematoma
a minor condition that occurs during the birth process. Pressure on the fetal head ruptures small blood vessels when the head is compressed against the maternal pelvis during labour or pressure from forceps or a vacuum extractor is used to assist the birth.
99
External cephalic version (ECV)
when you try and flip a baby from a breech position
100
Tachypnoea
rapid breathing
101
Tachycardia
a heart rate over 100 beats a minute
102
Acrocyanosis
bluish discoloration of the extremities due to decreased amount of oxygen delivered to the peripheral part
103
Embryo
From implantation to 8 weeks
104
Fetus
8 weeks - 40 weeks
105
Meconium forms from?
13-16 weeks gestation
106
The fetus can begins to sallow & pass urine from?
8-12 weeks gestation
107
Menstruation occurs on days?
0-4
108
Ovulations typically occurs on day?
14
109
Proliferative phase
Occurs on day 4-14.
The uterus builds up a thick layer of lining.
The ovaries prepare to release an Oocyte.
Oestrogen is released to mature the graffian follicle (the egg)
110
Secretory phase/Luteal phase
Occurs on days 14-28.
The endrometum becomes more vascular under the influence of Oestrogen & Progesterone.
The luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates Progesterone.
111
Proteolytic enzymes
enzymes that break down protein. Helps to shrink the uterus back down to size
112
Phagocytes
The 'cleaning' cells. Immune cells that play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune responses.
113
Ischaemia
is a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body
114
Rubra lochia
Lochia rubra is the first stage of lochia. You can expect: · Dark or bright red blood. · Lasts for three to four days
115
Serosa lochia
the second stage of lochia. You can expect: · Pinkish brown discharge that's less bloody looking. 5-9 days
116
Alba lochia
the last stage of lochia. You can expect: · Yellowish white discharge. · Little to no blood. 10-28 days
117
The Puerperium
the 6 weeks following the birth
118
How quickly can you ovulate after birth?
* Ovulation from 21 days following the birth
119
Nocturia
a condition that causes you to wake up during the night to urinate. often the first sign of gestational diabetes
120
Lowering of the renal threshold-glucose
During pregnancy, renal glucose reabsorptive capacity decreases, possibly, due to reduced glucose transporter expression. MAJOR sign of gestational diabetes
121
renal system
consists of the kidney, ureters, and the urethra.
122
Urinary tract infections (UTI's)
Encourage women to take their time and slowly release urine, as it is important to empty their bladder completely to help lesson the chance of getting a UTI
123
Acute renal failure
a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days.
124
Stress incontinence
when urine leaks out at times when your bladder is under pressure; for example, when you cough or laugh
125
MSU
Mid stream sample of urine
126
Eclampsia
the new onset of seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia.
127
protein in urine in pregnancy
If you have one + or more of protein and high blood pressure, you may have pre- eclampsia and will need extra medical care.
128
glucose in urine in pregnancy
Some glucose in urine is common during pregnancy. But high levels over time could be a sign of gestational diabetes,
129
ketones in urine in pregnancy
Important in labour. a chemical that your liver produces and uses for energy. This happens when you don't have enough glucose (sugar) in your blood or don't absorb glucose correctly.
130
Blood in urine
Not 'normal' in pregnancy. Could be from 'the show' but need to find out why? where it is coming from.
131
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection.
132
Acute pyelonephritis
(Pai-uh-low-nuh-frau-tuhs)
a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys and is one of the most common diseases of the kidney.
133
homeostasis range
any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
134
Adult body temp
Body has a narrow range (adult values
36.2-37.7 C)
135
pyrexia
raised body temperature; fever.
136
thermoregulation
is a mechanism by which mammals maintain body temperature with tightly controlled self-regulation independent of external temperatures.
137
Brown adipose tissue
a type of body fat that regulates your body temperature in cold conditions.
From 26 weeks gestation
138
neonate's normal temperature
36.5-37.5°C
139
hyperthermia
Heat gain is greater than heat loss
140
Hypothermia
Heat loss is greater than heat gain
141
Homeostatic control centres
The liver, the kidneys, and the brain (hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
142
Teratogenic abnormalities
something that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus upon exposure. Teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, health problems such as uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant people.
143
Heat production in the neonate
* Metabolic activity
* Crying
* Hyperactive
* Jitteriness
144
Axilla
armpits
145
epidermis
the outermost layer of skin on your body.
146
dermis
The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures.
147
hypodermis
is layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body and protecting your body from harm
148
Lactogenesis
is the initiation of milk
production
149
Neuroendocrine:
interaction between the
nervous system and the endocrine system
150
Autocrine
a cell secretes a hormone chemical
that acts on itself
151
Lactogenesis I
occurs around 16 weeks
gestation when colostrum production by
lactocytes begins
152
Prolactin
Produced in the anterior pituitary gland.
Causes breasts to grow and produce milk.
Present during pregnancy but
is inhibited by increased levels of
progesterone and oestrogen, as well as HPL (human placental lactogen)
and prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
153
Lactogenesis II
is the onset of milk
production, and occurs following expulsion of
placenta and membranes
154
Lactogenesis III:
autocrine regulation where
supply and demand regulate milk production
155
Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)
Removing FIL allows milk production.
Is increasingly secreted by lactocytes as alveoli distend with milk, inhibiting lactogenesis
156
Prolactin
* Triggered by suckling
* Acts on lactocytes to make milk
* Peaks about 90 minutes after a feed
* Suppresses ovulation
* Needs to be stimulated early and frequently to be effective long-term
157
acini cells
a highly specialized structure developed for synthesis, storage, and secretion of digestive enzymes.
158
myo-epithelial cells
Oxytocin acts on the myo-epithelial cells to eject milk
159
Alveoli
the site of milk production and storage in the mammary gland.
160
Pharmacology:
How the drug works
161
Pharmaco-therapeutic:
The use of drugs to treat disorders
162
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
163
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body, the
actions/effect
164
ADME
Four stages of pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
165
Administration routes of drugs
Enteral (via gut) either oral or rectal.
Parenteral (avoiding gut) this includes inhalers, topical creams, intradermal etc...
166
Distribution is the movement of the drug around the body and is affected by:
Body weight
Solubility of drug
Patient clinical condition
Drug regime
167
albumin
a protein made by your liver. Albumin enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues.
168
The 4 phases of healing
1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation
3. Epithelialisation
4. Maturation
169
Phase 1: Inflammation
It starts immediately after injury is caused
Vasoconstriction stops further blood
loss, which results in a blood clot. Then onto vasodilationn.
After 10-15 minutes, the wound appears
red, swollen, hot and painful
White blood cells clean the wound
before dying, which can be seen as a moist
sticky tissue (slough)
170
Phase 2: proliferation
between 3 days - 3 weeks
* New tissues are developed by fibroblasts
* New capillaries join together and
develop into granulation tissue
* Granulation tissue is pale pink but
becomes bright red as more new blood
vessels develop
171
Phase 3: epithelialisation
* Epithelial cells migrate across the wound
surface
* Once covered, the epithelial cells
differentiate and form a epidermis
172
Phase 4: maturation
between 3 weeks- 3 years, depending on the damage done.
* Macrophages re-organise the collagen to leave a newly healed wound with a pale, smooth and flat appearance (scar tissue)
* Healed skin only regains 80% of the strength of non-injured skin
173
Striae gravidarum
Stretch marks
174
Obstetric cholestasis
* Multifactorial – pruritus with abnormal liver
function tests
* 1 in 40 women usually in 3rd trimester
175
Pemphigoid gestationis
* Itchy rash that develops into blisters
* 1 in 50,000 usually in 2nd/3rd trimester
176
Prurigo of pregnancy
* Itchy papular rash
* 1 in 300 usually 25-30 weeks
177
Pruritic urticarial papules
and plaques of pregnancy
(PUPPP)
Hives like rash
* 1 in 200 in 3rd trimester or postpartum
178
Meninges
Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.
179
Pia Mater
The thinnest level next to the brain. Composed of delicate connective tissue and has many tiny blood vessels.
180
subarachnoid space
consists of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), major blood vessels, and cisterns.
We use this space in a Lumbard puncture or spinal block
181
Epidural space
located within the vertebral column and extends from the foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus.
182
Dura mater
outermost layer of the three meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.
183
P450 (CYP) enzymes
Breaks down drugs into smaller molecules
CYP1, 2, & 3 all metabolize drugs
184
Factors that can affect drug metabolism
Age,
disease,
genetics,
nutrition
drugs/alcohol,
environment
185
memory b cells
Hang around in the blood in case an infection reoccurs
186
b cells
at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (LG, immuno globulins) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies).
187
A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.
Plasma cell, developed by B cells.
188
Cytomegalovirus
Cold sores/chicken pox. A virus from the herpes family. Transfers through the placenta.
189
Ulna
Bone to your pinky
190
Fibula
Bone to your pinky toe
191
axon
where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.
192
axon terminal
is the part of a neuron at the end of it's axon that forms a synapse with another neuron.
193
Dendrites
are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.
194
Neuron body cells
are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system.
The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
195
myelin sheath
allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.
196
axon
where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.
197
nucleus
Found in the SOMA of a neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell.
198
axon terminal
is the part of a neuron at the end of it's axon that forms a synapse with another neuron.
199
How many spinal segments are there
31
200
Name the spinal segments
Cervical
Thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
201
How many cervical segments
8
202
How many thoracic segments
12
203
How many lunbar segments
5
204
how many sacral segments
5
205
how many coccygeal segments
1
206
What does the Somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary movement
207
What does the Parasympathetic nervous system control?
Rest and digest
208
What does the Sympathetic nervous system control?
Fight or flight:
heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination and sweating
209
Dura mater
A tough and thick layer of protection for the brain.
210
What is the central nervous system made up of?
The brain and the spine
211
Name the three layers of the Meninges
Duramater
Arachnoidmater
Piamater
212
Pia Mater
A thick layer of membranes that closely follows the contours of the brain.
An additional barrier.
Aids in the secretion and containment of Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
213
Arachnoid Mater
Help to suspend the brain in place.
The arachnoid trabeculae hang like webs to suspend the brain, and CSF acts as a cushion.
214
Pharmacology
The study of how drugs work in the body
215
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
216
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body
217
Stoke volume
volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle at each heart contraction
218
When does the placenta fully form
10-12 weeks
219
Medulla oblongate
respiratory control centre
220
Approximate number of c-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea
15-20
221
The average volume of amniotic fluid at term is
500mls
1000ml???? <---- on test
222
Low blood pressure in the first trimester of pregnancy is due to
Reduced peripheral resistance
223
Postnatal diuresis
increased urine production
224
Lactocytes
The milk secreting epithelial cells of breast alveoli
225
Length of the puerperium
6 weeks
226
The fetal heart is heard and the mother begins to feel fetal movements from weeks
17-24 weeks
227
How many stages occur in mitosis
4
228
Low blood pressure in the first trimester of pregnancy is due to:
Reduced peripheral resistance
229
lactation, prolactin is produced by which gland
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
230
lactation, prolactin is produced by which gland
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
231
Myometrium
The muscular outer layer of the uterus
An inner circular layer
A middle oblique layer
An outer longitudinal layer
232
Oxytocin in labour
large doses stimulates myometrial activity
233
Stations of the pelvis
-5 = floating baby
-3 = head above pelvis
0 = head at the bottom of the pelvis (in line with spines/fully engaged)
3 = within birth canal
5 = crowning
234
Changes to the female pelvis during pregnancy
Progesterone =
* smooths ligaments
*supports baby until the placenta takes over
* increases blood flow to the womb
*prevents lactation before birth
Relaxin = helps the pelvis to joints to relax to prepare for labour.
pelvic tilt = increases inpregnacy (12-36 weeks)
235
functions of the pelvis
support (walking)
defecation
micturition (urination)
sexual intercourse
pregnancy
labour & delivery
236
Dendrites
Are appendages designed to receive communications from other cells.
237
Axon
Where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.
238
myelin sheath
allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively along the nerve cell
239
schwann cells
the myelin sheath: peripheral nervous system
240
Soma - cell body
Fundamental units of the brain and nervous system. Holds the necleus
241
nucleus
necessary for the coded production of the proteins within the cell.
242
Endocrine system
Made up of:
testis
ovary
pancreas
adrenal gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pineal gland
243
Lumbar cistern
refers to the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar spinal canal.
244
Lactocytes
these line the alveoli of the human mammary gland and are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of milk into the alveolar lumen.
245
alveoli
take proteins, sugars, and fat from your blood supply and make breast milk.
246
Prolactin
a hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland
247
Oestrogen
The ovaries release it to make you ovulate again in the luteal phase, allowing you to menstruate.
This hormone will be low in breastfeeding mothers (stops ovulation)
248
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It is an important hormone for the normal functioning of the reproductive system in men and women.
249
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a hormone normally produced by the placenta. If you are pregnant, you can detect it in your urine.
250
corpus luteum
exists within the ovary once the ovarian follicle has released a mature ovum during ovulation.
251
zygote
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
252
Embryo
From implantation to 8 weeks
253
Fetus
8-40 weeeks
254
Meconium
Forms from 13-16 weeks
sticky, thick, dark green poop
255
The fetus begins to swallow + pass urian from?
8-12 gestation
256
Heartbeats can be heard from?
7-10 weeeks
257
Kicks can be felt from?
18-23 weeks
Maybe earlier in mutip mothers
258
mature graafian follicle
a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum.
259
oocyte
is an immature ovum, or egg cell.
260
endometrium
The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
261
HPL
Human placental lactogen
Produced and secreted by the placenta
262
PIF
Prolactin-inhibiting factor
Anterior pituitary gland
263
hypertension
systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg
both taken on 2 consecutive readings taken 30 minutes apart,
264
severe hypertension
systolic blood pressure of
160 mmHg
diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg measured between contractions
265
maternal pyrexia
a temperature of 38°C or above on a single reading or 37.5°C
or above on 2 consecutive occasions 1 hour apart)
266
Olgohydramnios
300mls
decreased amniotic fluid volume for gestational age.
267
Polyhyramnios
1500mls
too much amniotic fluid around the baby during pregnancy.
268
How much amniotic fluid is there?
800-1000mls
269
Liquor amnii
amniotic fluid
270
Wharton’s Jelly
gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord
271
percreta
placenta invading the peritoneum
272
accreta
partially diffused, penetration into the
myometrium
273
Placenta increta
significant as the myometrium is deeply
invaded crossing the uterine wall
274
EBL
Estimating blood loss
275
Newborn respiration rate
30-60 breaths per min
276
erb's palsy
a certain type of injury to the brachial plexus nerve.
277
Polydayctyly
extra fingers or toes (digits) that are present at birth
278
Syndactyly
when a baby is born with two or more fingers or toes joined or "webbed" together
279
epiglottis
The flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing
