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Bioscience Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

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2
Q

Compare epithelial and connective tissue.

A

Epithelial connects the internal and external environments, and lines hollow organs and cavities. Connective tissue supports and protects the body. It also contains extracellular matrix whilst epithelial doesn’t.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main fibres found in the extracellular matrix?

A

-Collagen
-Elastic fibres
-reticular fibres

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4
Q

What is a joint?

A

It is where two bones connect

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5
Q

How do xrays work

A

X-rays work by using ionising radiation. The beam of X-rays is projected onto an object which casts through to a plate. The denser an object the more x-rays it absorbs causing a lighter projection. While a less dense object will absorb less producing a darker projection.

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6
Q

What position do you take a thoracic cavity scan from during an x-ray and why?

A

Posterior to Anterior so that the organs are identifiable and the heart does not appear larger than it is blocking other organs.

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7
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

A computerised tomography scan is used to make multiple images to create a 3D depiction. It is very fast and detailed.

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8
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

It is the use of radiopharmaceuticals that emit gamma rays. They can be ingested to identify and treat conditions.

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9
Q

What is a barium swallow?

A

A patient ingests a dye which shows up on the x-ray making it easy to identify issues with swallowing.

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10
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging is similar to a CT in the way the patient is lying down however it doesn’t use ionising rays but rather strong magnetic forces that affect protons in the cells. It is used to detect issues in soft tissue.

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11
Q

What plane does flexion/extension occur?

A

Sagittal plane

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12
Q

What plane does abduction/adduction occur?

A

Coronal or frontal plane

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13
Q

Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A

-Support
- Assisting movement
-Protection of organs
-triglyceride (fat) storage
-blood cell production
-mineral homeostasis

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14
Q

Briefly describe the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. formation of the ossification site
  2. calcification
  3. formation of trabeculae (spongey bone)
  4. formation of periosteum (thin, compact, bone on the outside - spongey bone remains in the middle)
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15
Q

What is the process that describes the formation of bone?

A

Ossification

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16
Q

Briefly describe the steps of endochondral ossification.

A
  1. development of cartilage model
  2. growth of cartilage model
  3. formation of primary ossification site
  4. development of medullary cavity
  5. development of secondary ossification site
  6. formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
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17
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Bone remodelling occurs from bone resorption and bone depositioning. Bone resorption is when osteoclasts break down the bone by removing the minerals. Bone depositioning is when osteoblasts provide new minerals and nutrients.

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18
Q

What is bone remodelling influenced by?

A

It is influenced by diet and hormones, and exercise.

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19
Q

Why do bones become brittle?

A

Bones become brittle as we age due to the loss of collagen fibres.

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20
Q

How does exercise affect bone remodelling?

A

Exercise increases the rate of bone remodelling as exercise places stress on the bones increasing the need to replace the bone with stronger versions.

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21
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, spine, and ribcage

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22
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper and lower limbs, hip girdle, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)

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23
Q

Give an example of a long bone?

A

Humerus

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24
Q

Give me an example of short bone

A

carpal bones

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25
Give me an example of a flat bone
Scapula
26
Give me an example of a irregular bone
Vertebrae
27
Give me an example of sesamoid
patella (kneecap)
28
What feature of a long bone indicates whether the bone is fully developed and is no longer going through growth?
The metaphysis contains the growth plate. When the bone is no longer growing the epiphyseal line will be developed.
29
What are the 3 types of joints?
-Synovial -Cartilaginous -Fibrous
30
What are the 4 features of a synovial joint?
-contains synovial fluid -has a synovial membrane -has hyaline cartilage -is enclosed by a fibrous capsule
31
Why is it important for the joints to warm up before exercise?
Warming up triggers the production of synovial fluid which lubricates the bones
32
Why are we shorter at the end of the day?
The cartilage disks in our spine lose water and compress over the day ultimately making us shorter
33
Why do we get shorter as we age?
We get shorter as we age due to losing bone mass in the intervertebral disks in our spine
34
Give an example of plane synovial joint
between carpal bones in the wrist
35
Give me an example of pivot synovial joint
upper part of the neck that allows us to rotate our head
36
Give an example of a hinge synovial joint and what movement it allows
patella or elbow. allows for flexion movements
37
Give an example of a condyloid synovial joint
between the radius and bones of the wrist
38
Give me an example of a saddle synovial joint
between wrist and bone of the thumb
39
Give me an example of a ball and socket joint and what movement it allows for?
shoulder and hip allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation
40
What is a congruent joint vs a non-congruent joint
Congruent joints are one where the bone ends fit in perfectly whereas non-congruent joints are where the bone ends don't fit in together
41
Compare the congruency of the hip and shoulder joint.
The hip is a congruent joint as it provides stability and can withhold weight. The shoulder is a non-congruent joint as it more mobile and allows for greater range of motion.
42
Compare the congruency of the elbow and knee
The elbow is congruent as it allows for controlled and precise movements whilst the knee is non-congruent as it caters for a range of movement
43
What is a sprain and what are the 3 grades?
A sprain is where a ligament is stretched or torn. GRADE 1: minimal disruption to the ligament GRADE 2: moderate disruption to the ligament GRADE 3: complete rupture of the ligament
44
What is a dislocation?
A dislocation occurs when the bone is forced out of place
45
What is a tendon
Connects muscle to bone
46
What neurons are responsible for stimulating skeletal muscles to contract?
Somatic motor neurons
47
Describe somatic motor neurons
It has a long axon that runs from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibre. They can innervate multiple muscle fibres at the same time.
48
What 4 factors influence the strength of a contraction?
-the number of muscle fibres activated -the size of the muscle fibres (amount of myosin and actin complexes) -frequency of stimulation -degree of muscle stretch (slight stretch optimal)
49
When a contraction reaches its peak and cannot get any stronger its called what?
Tetanus
50
What is a synergist?
A muscle that assists the prime mover in enabling a movement
51
What is a fixator?
A muscle that stabilises an area whilst a muscle is in motion
52
What are the three main contractions?
Isometric contraction (no movement), concentric (shortening muscle), eccentric (lengthening muscle)
53
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?
-Sensory input -Integration -Motor output
54
What makes up the CNS
The brain and spinal cord
55
What makes up PNS
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, all other nerves of the body
56
What does somatic mean in general
It refers to structures on the external parts of the body such as muscles, skin, and bone
57
What does visceral mean in general
It refers to the interal structures such as organs (heart), glands, and smooth muscle.
58
WHat does afferent refer to
Towards the CNS
59
What does efferent refer to
Away from the CNS towards the body
60
WHat is a neural pathway
It is the entire route of a nervous information travelling from one area of the nervous system to another
61
How are neural pathways named
They are named after their origin and destination (e.g. cortiospinal)
62
WHat are the structures of a neuron and their roles
-Axon body: contains nucleus and processes info -Dendrites: receive info from other neurons -Axon: carries the electrical signal -Myelin sheath: speeds up the electrical signal -Axon terminal: communicates with other neurons or target cells
63
What receptor responds to stimuli relating to pressure
Mechanorecpetor
64
What receptor responds to stimuli relating to temperature
Thermoreceptors
65
What receptor responds to stimuli relating to light
Photorecptors
66
What receptor responds to stimuli relating to chemicals
Chemoreceptors
67
What receptor responds to stimuli relating to pain
Nociceptors
68
Difference between nerve and nerve fibres
A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres whilst nerve fibres are individual nervous processes that carry electrical signals
69
What is a nerve plexus
It is a network of nerves that work together to carry out sensory and motor information to parts of the body.
70
What are the elevated ridges of the brain called ?
Gyrus
71
What are the shallow grooves in the brain called
Syrus
72
What are the grooves seperating larger areas called
Grooves
73
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
Motor and problem solving
74
Where is Broca's area located and what is it responsible for
Located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production
75
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Hearing
76
Where is Wernicke's area located and what is it responsible for?
The temporal lobe and language comprehension.
77
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
receiving sensory information
78
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
Vision
79
Where is the medulla oblongata located and what is its role
It is located at the end of the brain stem between the brain stem and the spinal cord. It plays a role in vital processes and reflective actions.
80
Where is the pons stem located and what is its role
It is located between the medulla and the midbrain. It's responsible for sleeping, breathing and connecting the two areas.
81
WHere is the midbrain located and what is its role
its located closest to the centre of the brain and is responsible for relaying sensory and motor information.
82
What is the role of grey matter
Grey matter contains neuron cell bodies for processing
83
WHat is the role of white matter
White matter contains neuron axons for transporting information
84
How does the composition of grey and white matter differ between the brain and the spinal cord
In the brain the grey matter is on the outside whilst in the spinal cord it is in the middle. White matter is in the inside of the brain but the outside of the spinal cord.
85
WHat does the grey matter in the spinal cord contain
Dorsal, ventral, lateral root
86
WHat is the dorsal root relate to
The dorsal root is related to sensory infomation
87
WHat does the ventral root relate to
The ventral root is related to motor functions
88
What do the processes of the vertebra do
Allow for attachment of muscle
89
What are ascending pathways?
Ascending pathways are from the body to the brain. They travel through 3 neurons: general somatic afferent, interneuron, and interneuron
90
What are descending pathways?
Descending pathways are from the brain to the body. They travel through 2 neurons: upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron
91
What are the meninges?
3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. DURA MATER (physical protection), ACHNOID MATER (contains CSF for cushioning), PIA MATER (attaches to brain, provide nutrients)
92
What are the 3 protective features of the CNS
Axial skeleton: skull protects the brain and verterbra protects spinal cord Meninges: 3 layers of protection CSF: bathes the brain in fluid for cushioning
93
What is a stroke
A stroke is where there is a disturbance of blood supply to the brain
94

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