Bioscience And Nursing Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Bone functions
A
Support
Protection
Store minerals and triglycerides
Maintain homeostatic blood calcium levels
Blood cell production (haemotopiesis)
Movement
2
Q
Origin
A
Fixed point of muscle attachment (bone don’t move when muscle contracts)
3
Q
Insertion
A
Moveable point of muscle attachment (bone moves when muscle contracts)
4
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Made up of bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
5
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Made up of bones of upper limbs (arms, forearms & hands), lower limbs (thighs, legs & feet)
Shoulder (pectoral) girdles & pelvic girdle
6
Q
Long bones
A
Long slender bones, have a shaft (diaphysis) & bone ends (epiphysis) e.g humerous
7
Q
Short bones
A
Small cube shaped bones e.g tarsals, carpals, patella
8
Q
Flat bones
A
Thin, flat & often curved e.g sternum, ribs & scapula
9
Q
Irregular bones
A
Complex shaped bones e.g vertebrae & hip bones
10
Q
Bone structure
A
Contains: connective tissue, adipose tissue, osseous tissue & hyaline cartilage
11
Q
Osseous tissue
A
Connective tissue which contains specialised cells & a matrix
12
Q
Matrix
A
Consists of ground substance, collagen fibres & calcium phosphate crystals
makes bones flexible hard and strong
13
Q
Collagen fibres
A
Gives bones flexibility and tensile strenght
14
Q
Calcium phosphate crystals
A
Makes bones hard and provide compressive strenght
15
Q
Bone without crystals
A
Has tensile strength but lacks compressive strength-soft and flexible
16
Q
Bone without collagen fibres
A
Hard with compressive strength, lack flexibility & tensile strength-brittle
17
Q
Osteoprogenitor cells
A
Stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts
18
Q
Osteoblasts
A
Bone building cells-produce and secrete collagen fibres and ground substance
19
Q
Osteoclasts
A
bone reabsorbing cells-breakdown matrix and release stored minerals
20
Q
Osteocytes
A
mature bone cells which maintain the matrix
21
Q
layers of bones
A
outer layer of compact bone & internal layer of spongy bone
22
Q
outer connective tissue membrane=periosteum
A
covers compact bone, contains blood vessels & nerves
23
Q
internal connective tissue membrane=endosteum
A
covers spongy bone
24
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
stores adipose tissue
25
red bone marrow
making of RBC's (hematopoiesis)
26
spongy bone
contains trabeculae (thin needle-like structures)
lighter than compact bone-reduces weight off skeleton
27
trabeculae function
resist forces from all directions without breaking
28
interstitial growth
new cartilage is formed on the epiphyseal plate & old cartilage is turned to bone-diaphysis gradually lengthens
Bone remains strong because growth is at the top and bottom at the same time
interstitial growth makes bones longer, occurs at epiphyseal gate
29
appositional growth
makes bones grow wider-occurs on outer surface of all bones.
step 1. osteoblasts secrete layers of new matrix onto bone surface-becomes contact bone & bone widens
step 2. (In long bones) osteoclasts remove old matric from inner surface, enlarges medullary cavity, so bones don't become too heavy.
occurs at bone surface
30
Bone deposition
Osteoblasts produce new matrix
31
Bone remodelling
Maintain bone mass & strength. Replaces old matrix with new matrix. Involves bone resorbtion & bone deposition
32
Bone resorption
Osteoclasts break down old matrix
33
What decreases bone mass
Age & decline in sex hormones-rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone deposition
Loss of calcium phosphate crystals and collagen fibres = thin, weak brittle bones
34
Factors affecting bone remodelling
Good amounts of vitamins C, A, D, K & B12 as well as calcium and phosphate
35
Comminuted fracture
Bone fragmented into 3 or more pieces
36
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
37
Greenstick fracture
Bone is bent and cracked but it’s an incomplete break
38
Spiral fracture
Ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
39
Epiphyseal
Bone breaks along the epiphyseal plate
40
Transverse fracture
Bone completely breaks along the diaphysis
41
Depressed fracture
Broken bone is pressed inwards
42
Avulsion fracture
Tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone
43
Pathological fracture
Caused by a disease that weakens bone structure e.g osteoporosis
44
Colles fracture
Break at distal end of radius
45
Scaphoid fracture
Common carpal bone fracture
46
Potts fracture
Break in medial malleolus of the tibia and/or lateral malleolus
47
Treatment of fracture
Reduction-bone realignment
Immobilisation of realigned bones
Rehabilitation-restore function
48
Fracture Repair step 1
Haematoma Forms
Torn blood vessels, clot forms, site swollen and sore
49
Fracture Repair step 2
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Forms
Fibroblasts produce collagen fibres
Chondroblasts produce cartilage
Fibrocartilaginous Callus splints broken bone ends
50
Fracture Repair step 3
Bony Callus of Spongy Bone Forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone
Bone ends united
51
Fracture Repair step 4
Bone Remodelling
Compact bone replaces spongy bone at diaphysis
Osteoclasts remove excess bone
Bone returns to normal shape
52
Osteomalacia (adults) & Rickets (children)
Poorly mineralised bones-lack calcium phosphate crystals
Bones=soft, flexible
Causes=vitamin D deficiency or not enough calcium intake
53
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle bones disease)
Affects quantity and quality of collagen fibres
Brittle bones-fracture easily
No cure
54
Osteoporosis
Reduction in bone mass affects bone function
Reduced amount of matrix components=porous, light, fragile easily fractured bones
55
Joint
Point of contact between 2 or more bones. Holds skeleton together and give skeleton mobility and flexibility
56
Synarthrosis joint
Immovable joint
57
Amphiarthrosis joint
Slightly movable joint
58
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
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Fibrous joint
No joint cavity
Fibrous tissue unites articulating bones
Are synthetic or amphiarthrotic
60
Cartilaginous joint
Cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) unites articulating bones
No joint cavity
Synarthotic or amphiarthrotic
61
Synovial joint
Articulating bone ends are covered in articular cartilage
Joint cavity present
Diarthrotic joint
Allow wide range of movement
62
Pivot joint
Allows rotation e.g proximal radio ulnar joint
63
Plane joint
Allows gliding movement e.g intertarsal joint
64
Condular joint
Allows flexion, extension, addiction, abduction & circumduction e.g metacarpophalangeal (knuckle & wrist joints)
65
Saddle joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction e.g carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
66
Hinge joint
Allows flexion & extension e.g elbow, knee & ankle joints
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Ball & socket joint
Allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction & rotation e.g hip & shoulder joints
68
Skeletal muscles components
Muscle fibres, cells, connective tissue, blood vessels & neurons
69
Muscle fibres
Surrounded by 3 connective tissue sheaths
70
Endomysium
Surrounds each individual muscle fibre
71
Perimysium
Surround a bundle (fascicle) of muscle fibres
72
Epimysium
Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle
73
Tendon
Formed when 3 membranes blend together attach muscle to bone
74
Myofibriles
Composed of contractile units (sacromere) extend entire length of muscle fibres
75
Sacromeres
Composed of thick and thin myofilaments
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Thick myofilments
Composed of myosin
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Thin myofilaments
Composed of actin
78
Steps in muscle contraction
1. Primary motor cortex sends message to lower motor neurons about muscle contraction
2. Lower motor neuron conducts somatic motor output from CNS to a skeletal muscle
3. Axon terminals of a lower motor neuron forms a synapse (neuromuscular junction) with a muscle fibre
79
Events stimulating a muscle contraction
1. Somatic motor output in form of an action potential travels along the axon of a lower motor neuron to axon terminals
2. Voltage gated Ca2 (calcium) channels open and Ca2+ enters axon terminal
3. Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release ACH into the synaptic cleft
4. ACH diffuses across the synaptic and binds to chemically gated ion channels on sarcolemma
5. Channels open-influx of Na+
-sarcolemma depolarises
-graded potential produced
6. Graded potential opens voltage gated Na+ channels in sarcolemma-action potential produced
7. Action potential travels along the length of sarcolemma
8. The action potential travels the length of the t tubules deep into muscle fibre
9. Action potential stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels to open
10. Ca2+ flows into cytoplasm of the muscle fibre
11. Binding of Ca2+ to troponin pulls tropomyosin away from actin active sites
12. Myosin heads bind to the active sites forming cross bridges & contraction begins
80
Process of contraction
1. Myosin heads bind to the actin sites on thin myofilaments
2. Myosin heads pull the thin myofilament towards centre of sacromere (m line) then detach ATP breaks detachment of myosin & actin
Cycle repeats
81
Muscle relaxation steps
1. ACH within synaptic cleft is degraded by the enzyme acytlecholmesterase (ACHE)
2. Sarcolemma (SR) return to its rmp
3. Calcium release channels in sr close
4. Calcium ions ultimately pumped back into SR
5. Troponin returns to its original shape
6. Tropomyosin blocks actin active sites
82
Ligament
Bone to bone
83
Tendon
Muscle to bone
84
Osteoporosis
Low bone mass & microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue
Bone loss occurs slowly
Risk factors: family history, increase in age, vitamin d deficiency & early menopause
85
Inflammatory conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
86
Degenerative disease
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
87
Treatment of fractures, tissue injuries & dislocation
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevated
(R)efferal
88
Why do an Neurovascular Assessment
Injuries & haemorrhage can cause interruptions to nerve & vascular supply—early detection is important
Distance of limbs from heart and lack of potential secondary sources of supply place them at risk
89
How to complete an NVO
Assessing pulse
Neurological functioning of limbs
Will determine vascular or neurological function
NVO
Pain
Pulse
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
90
Compartment syndrome
Build up pressure within a compartment compromises tissue perfusion
Build up reduces capillary blood flow to said space
Plaster cast
Tissue fascia
Bandage
91
Nurse interventions for diagnostic tests
Prepare patient for respective scan
Patient must lie still
Assess for conditions which may require special consideration e.g for disability etc
Check for allergies to contrast agent
Past arthrogram applies compression bandage to joint if prescribed & rest for 12 hours
Administer analgesia as required
92
Ankylosing spondylitis
A systemic inflammatory condition of the skeleton. A disease of the cartilaginous joints of the spine & surrounding tissues (occasionally large synovial joints (hips, knees & shoulders) may be involved). Back pain is a common characteristic. Complicates osteoporosis because of the inflammatory process & bone turnover. Systemic effects of uveitis in 20-25% of cases
93
Atrophy
Age and disease can cause the loss of muscular function as fibrotic tissue replaces contractile muscle tissue. The decrease in muscle size is called atrophy
94
Crepitus
A grating sound at the point of abnormal movement
95
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
Fibrous tissue form in the joint capsule causing stiffness, limitation of motion & pair
96
Gouty arthritis
Joint effusion or synovial thickening seen as a bulge or pullness in grooves on either side of the olecranon process. Redness & heat beyond the synovial membrane. Over secretion of uric acid or renal defect resulting in decreased uric acid which results in hyperarianaemia which can cause urate or crystal deposition
97
Joint effusion
Excessive fluid within the joint capsule. May present as swelling & bony landmarks are obscured
98
Articular capsule
Outer tough layer stabilises articulating bones
Inner membrane produces synovial fluids
99
Joint cavity
Holds synovial fluid separates articulating bones
100
Synovial fluid
Shock absorbing median supplies chondroblasts with O2 and nutrients-remove wastes
101
Ligaments
Allow movement-stabilises the joint
