Biosignaling

Question 1

3 types of chemical biologicals signals that our cells use to respond to tehir surroundings, communicate with other cells, and alter their own internal environments

Answer 1

Hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters

Question 2

Hormones can be

Answer 2

Peptide-
Steroid-
Amino acid-derived molecules

Question 3

These are small proteins that modulate our immune system

Answer 3

Cytokines

Question 4

Chemicals that transmit information between neurons

Answer 4

Neurotransmitters

Question 5

Biochemical classes that biological signals can belong to

Answer 5

Lipids, amino acids, proteins, and gases (nitric oxide for neurotransmitters)

Question 6

Signals that act within the cell that synthesizes them

Answer 6

Intracrine signals

Question 7

Signals are released, then bind to receptors on the cell that synthesizes them. But they first get out of the cell that synthesized them and then bind to its receptors

Answer 7

Autocrine signals

Question 8

These target cells that are directly attached to the signaling cell

Answer 8

Juxtacrine signals

Question 9

These target cells that in the general vicinity of the cell that emits the signal

Answer 9

Paracrine signals

Question 10

Signals (hormones) travel between distant cells through circulatory system

Answer 10

Endocrine signals

Question 11

Inflammation involves the release of ________, which generally affect nearby cells via _________ signaling

Answer 11

Cytokines ; paracrine

Question 12

Neurotransmitters are what kind of signaling molecules

Answer 12

Paracrine

Question 13

When the signaling molecule binds to a receptor, the signaling molecule is called what

Answer 13

Ligand

Question 14

The ligand that binds to the receptor in the cell membrane is called the _______ _________ since it initiates the signaling pathway

Answer 14

First messenger

Question 15

If the receptor triggers another biosignal inside the cell, the internal signaling molecule is called what?

Answer 15

Second messenger

Question 16

Common second messengers

Answer 16

Calcium ions and cAMP

Question 17

Receptors can be divided into 2 categories

Answer 17

Membrane receptors and nuclear receptors

Question 18

These receptors are attached to the plasma membrane and often contain tab least one transmembrane domain, so it can relay message from outside of the cell to the interior of the cell

Answer 18

Membrane receptors

Question 19

A protein domain which passes through the cell membrane; mostly made of hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 19

Transmembrane domain

Question 20

Ligands that bind to membrane receptors are typically?

Answer 20

Polar (charged or have a lot of polar functional groups)

Question 21

These receptors bind to non polar or lipid-based ligands, such as steroid and thyroid hormones which can diffuse directly through the cell membrane

Answer 21

Nuclear receptors

Question 22

Are receptors found either in the nucleus or cytoplasm, and when the ligand binds the ligand-receptor complex migrates to the nucleus if it’s not already there

Answer 22

Free-floating Nuclear receptors

Question 23

When bound to their ligands, nuclear receptors essentially function as what?

Answer 23

Transcription factors- they regulate the rate of gene transcription (turn it up or down)

Question 24

3 types of membrane receptors

Answer 24

1. Ion channel-linked
2. Enzyme-linked (Catalytic)
3. G protein-coupled (GPCR)

Question 25

These receptors contain transmembrane pores that allow charged species (ions) to pass through when channel is open. For this to open, it must be bound to its ligand

Answer 25

Ion channel-linked or ligand-gated ion channels

Question 26

Example of ion channel-linked receptors

Answer 26

Neurotransmitter receptors

Question 27

These receptors are either enzymes themselves or are directly associated with the enzymes that they activate. What are the most common examples?

Answer 27

Enzyme-linked (catalytic) ; protein kinases

Question 28

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are an example of what receptors?

Answer 28

Enzyme-linked

Question 29

These are receptors for a bunch of different hormones and growth factors . When functioning properly, these play a key role in cell growth.

Answer 29

RTKs= receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 30

A highly contagious respiratory disease causing uncontrollable, violent coughing

Answer 30

Pertussis or whooping cough

Question 31

An infectious an often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, causing severe vomiting and diarrhea

Answer 31

Cholera

Question 32

Membrane receptors that are involved in an enormous range of cellular functions. This contains seven transmembrane domains, meaning that the protein sequence passes all the way through the plasma membrane seven times.

Answer 32

GPCRs

Question 33

What does the G represent in G-protein

Answer 33

Guanine

Question 34

A hetero trimeric protein that binds to the guanine nucleotide: GTP and GDP

Answer 34

G-Protein

Question 35

The subunits in the heterotrimeric G protein

Answer 35

Alpha, Beta, gamma

Question 36

This subunit of the G protein is capable of binding either GTP or GDP

Answer 36

Alpha

Question 37

What activates the alpha subunit of the G-protein?

Answer 37

GTP

Question 38

What deactivates the alpha unit of the G protein?

Answer 38

GDP

Question 39

The two requirements for GPCR system activation.

Answer 39

1. Activated by ligand | 2. Needs GTP as an energy source

Question 40

When the GPCR system is activated and the alpha subunit is bound by a GTP molecule what happens?

Answer 40

The alpha subunit with its GTP separate with the beta and gamma subunit. These 2 units independently interact with other molecules

Question 41

Cyclic AMP pathway of the G protein coupled receptor

Answer 41

The alpha subunit acts on the enzyme adenylyl cyclase top stimulate product of cAMP which then goes on to activate a kinase known as protein kinase A, which can phosphorylation a wide variety of proteins

Question 42

What are the two possible pathways for the activation of GPCRs

Answer 42

cAMP pathway and IP3 pathway

Question 43

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) Pathway

Answer 43

Uses the second messengers IP3 and calcium ions to activate protein kinase C.