Biostatistics

Question 1

Mean is preferred for ____ data that is ____ ____

Answer 1

Continuous, normally distributed

Question 2

Median is preferred for _____ data or _____ that is _____

Answer 2

Ordinal, continuous, skewed

Question 3

Mode is preferred for ____ data

Answer 3

Nominal

Question 4

When the null hypothesis is rejected in error

Answer 4

Type I error

Question 5

Type I error is avoided by…

Answer 5

Alpha < 0.05

Question 6

False positive

Answer 6

Type I error

Question 7

False negative

Answer 7

Type II error

Question 8

Null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted

Answer 8

Type II error

Question 9

Type II error avoided with…

Answer 9

Larger sample size

Question 10

Probability that a test will reject the null hypothesis correctly

Answer 10

Power

Question 11

Ratio of risk in the exposed (treatment) group divided by risk in the control group

Answer 11

Relative risk (RR)

Question 12

Number of subjects in group with an unfavorable event divided by total number of subjects in group

Answer 12

Risk

Question 13

RR = 1

Answer 13

No difference

Question 14

RR < 1

Answer 14

Lower risk in treatment group

Question 15

RR > 1

Answer 15

Greater risk in treatment group

Question 16

How much risk is reduced in treatment group v. control group

Answer 16

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

Question 17

RRR

Answer 17

1 - RR

Question 18

(%risk in control) - (%risk in treatment)

Answer 18

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

Question 19

1 / (risk in control) - (risk in treatment)

Answer 19

NNT

Question 20

For NNT round ___, for NNH round ___

Answer 20

Up; down

Question 21

Rate at which an unfavorable event occurs within a short period of time

Answer 21

Hazard ratio (HR)

Question 22

OR Formula

Answer 22

AD/BC

Question 23

If 1 group with continuous data

Answer 23

One-sample t-test

Question 24

If 1 group with categorical/discrete data

Answer 24

Chi-square test

Question 25

If 1 group with before/after measures with continuous data

Answer 25

Dependent/paired t-test

Question 26

If 1 group with before/after measures with categorical/discrete data

Answer 26

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test

Question 27

If 2 groups with continuous data

Answer 27

Independent/unpaired student t-test

Question 28

If 2 groups with categorical/discrete data

Answer 28

Chi-square or Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney

Question 29

If 3+ groups with continuous data

Answer 29

ANOVA

Question 30

If 3+ groups with categorical/discrete data

Answer 30

Kruskal-Wallis test

Question 31

of pts who test positive out of those who actually have the condition

Answer 31

Sensitivity

Question 32

of pts who test negative out of those who actually do not have the condition

Answer 32

Specificity

Question 33

Includes data for all patients originally allocated to each treatment group even if the patient didn't complete the trial

Answer 33

Intention-to-treat

Question 34

Analysis of subset of trial population who completed the study according to the protocol

Answer 34

Per protocol

Question 35

In a forest plot, if the line crosses the center line, this means

Answer 35

No statistical significance

Question 36

In a forest plot, if the line is to the left of the center line, this means...

Answer 36

Statistically significant benefit

Question 37

In a forest plot, if the line is to the right of the center line, this means...

Answer 37

Statistically significant harm

Question 38

Retrospective comparisons of cases (patients with disease) & controls (without disease

Answer 38

Case-control

Question 39

Retrospective or prospective comparisons of patients with an exposure to those without

Answer 39

Cohort

Question 40

Prospective comparison of patients who were randomly assigned to groups

Answer 40

RCT

Question 41

Analyzes results of multiple studies

Answer 41

Meta-analysis

Question 42

Change in costs & outcomes when 2 treatment alternatives are compared

Answer 42

Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios

Question 43

Used when 2+ interventions have demonstrated equivalence in outcomes & costs of each intervention are being compared

Answer 43

Cost-minimization analysis

Question 44

Comparing benefits & costs of an intervention in terms of monetary units

Answer 44

Cost-benefit analysis

Question 45

Used to compare clinical effects of 2+ interventions to the respective costs

Answer 45

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Question 46

Specialized form of CEA that uses QALYs and DALYs

Answer 46

Cost-utility analysis